The effect of Barkley’s attention training and useful sight in children and adult’s visual search

Authors
H. Zare
P. Nahravanian
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the impact of the attention training on the visual search in normal adults and children. In this study, using purposive random sampling, 60 subjects (30 adults and 30 children) were selected. The tools used in this study were concentrated attention test, mini mental state examination and researcher made questionnaire which was used to control the variables. First, the pre-test (concentrated attention) was performed and then the adults has underwent five 35 minutes sessions of training for three weeks and the children has underwent ten 45 minutes sessions of training for five weeks, and finally post-test was performed for the two groups. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Analysis of the data showed the significant impactof the attention trainingon the rate of correct responding and the reaction time of visual search. Given the impact of the attention training on the visual search, the importance of these trainings in process shaping, correct cognitive processes, paying attention to the target stimuli and quick, accurate responding become more and more clear.
Keywords
Attention Training
visual search
reaction time
Rate of Correct Responding
Alizade, H. (2005). Attention deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Tehran: Roshd Press. [In Persian].
Barkley, R. A.) 2006(. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions. Brain Research, 215, 137-146.
Ben-Yishay, Y., Piasetsky, E.B., Rattok, J. (1987). A systematic method for ameliorating disorders Brain Injury, 8, 6–14.
Bjorklund, D., Harnishfeger, K. (1990). “The resources construct in cognitive development: Diverse sources of evidence and a theory of inefficient inhibition”. Developmental Review, 10, 48–71.
Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Thomason, M. E., Vaidya, C. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E. )2002). “Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children: Evidence from fMRI”, Neuron, 33, 301–311.
Coffey, C. E., McAllister, T. W., Silver, J. M. (2007). Guide to Neuropsychiatric Therapeutics, 1st Edition.
Denckla, M. B. (1996). A theory and model of executive function: A neuropsychological perspective. In G. R. Lyon & N. A.
Ellis, L. e. e. (2008). Sex differences: summarizing more than a century of scientific research, CRC Press.
Eysenk, M., Mark, K. (2010). Cognitive Psychology (Translated by Rahnama, A.A., Faridi, M.R). Tehran: Ayig Press. [In Persian].
Hahn, B., Wolkenberg, F. A., Ross, T. J., Myers, C. S., Heishman, S. J., Stein, D. J., Kurup, P. K., Stein, E.A. (2008). Divided versus selective attention: Evidence for common processing mechanisms. Brain Research, 1215, 137-146.
Harasty, J., Double, K. L., Halliday, G. M., Kril, J. J., McRitchie, D. A. (1997). "Language-associated cortical regions are proportionally larger in the female brain". Arch. Neurol. 54 (2), 171–176.
Hugues, E., José, J. V. (2010). A unified and quantitative network model for spatial attention in area V4. Journal of Physiology – Paris, 104, 84-90.
Hultsch, D. F., MacDonald, S. W., Dixon, R. A. (2002). “Variability in reaction time performance of younger and older adults”. The Journals of Gerontology, 57, 2, 101.
Jevas, S., Yan J. H. (2001). “The effect of aging on cognitive function: a preliminary quantitative review”. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 72, 49.
Kingsley, R. E. (2000). Concise Text of Neuroscience. Baltimore, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Kirk, S. A., Gallagher, J. J., Anastasiow, N. J., Coleman, M. R. (2006). Educating exceptional children. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 485.
Knudsen, Eric. I. (2007). "Fundamental Components of Attention". Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30 (1), 57–78.
Lawrence, M. Ward (2008). Scholarpedia, 3(10), 1538. Attention. Lawrence M. Ward, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA.
Malec, J., Jones, R., Rao, N., Stubbs, K. (1984). Video game practice effects on sustained attention. neuropsychology, 66, 189.
Manjunath, Narra., Beena Mathew., Sneha. M. V. (2012). Developmental Differences on Cognitive Inhibition in Children and Adults: Evidence from Vigilance Task. International Journal of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 1(1), 1-5.
Marano, Hara Estroff. (2003). "The New Sex Scorecard". Psychology Today. http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/PTO-20030624-000003.html.
Niemann, H., Ruff, R. M., Baser, C.A. (1990). Computer-assisted attention retraining in Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 117–130.
Park, N., Proulx, G., Towers, W. (1999). Evaluation of the Attention Process Training Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 24.
Rueda, M. R., Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Halparin, J. D., Gruber, D. B., Lercari, L. P. (2004). Development of intentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychological, 42(8), 1029-1040.
Schurger, A., Cowey, A., Cohen, J. D., Triesman, A., Tallon-Baudry, C. (2008). Distinct and independent correlates of attention and awareness in hemianopia patient. neuropsychology, 46, 2189.
Seidel, W. T., Joschko, M. (1990). “Evidence of difficulties in sustained attention in children with ADHD”. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 217-229.
Sekuler, Ball. (1988). Measuring older persons’ functional visual fields. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science Supple, 26, 307.
Shinn, B., Ihlefeld, A. (2004). Selective and divided attention: extracting information from simultaneous sound sources. Proceeding of ICAD 04 –Tenth Meeting of the international conference on auditory Display Sydney, Australia, July 6-9.
Shooshtari, M., Malekpoor, M., Abedi, A., Ahrami, R. (2011). Effectiveness of early interventions based on attentional games on measure of attention in ADHD Childs. Clinical Psychology, 3, 3. [In Persian].
Sohlberg, M.M., Mateer, C.A. (1987). Effectiveness of an attention training program. Journal
Specific training. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 7, 81–103.
St Clair-Thompson, H. L., Stevens, R., Hunt, A., Bolder, E. (2010). Improving children's working memory and classroom performance, Educational Psychology, 30, 203−220.
Strenberg, R. (2008). Cognitive Psychology (Translated by Kharazi, S.K., Hejazi, E). Tehran: Samt Press. [In Persian]
Sturm, W., Willmes, K., Orgass, B., Hartje, W. (1977). Do specific attention deficits need Thinkable in the attention and memory retraining of traumatically head-injured patients?
Trick, L.M., Enns, J.T. (1998). Life-span changes in attention: The visual search task. Cognitive Development, 13(3), 369-386.
Welford, A. T. (1980). Choice reaction time: Basic concepts. Cited in A. T. Welford, Reaction Times, Academic Press, New York,
Wood, R.L.I., Fussey, I. (1987). Computer-based cognitive retraining: a controlled study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 217-229.
Zare, H., Farzad, V., Alipoor, A., Nazer, M. (2012). Effect of attention training on attention reinforcement of accidental drivers. Journal of cognitive science news, 14, 2. [In Persian].
Zelazo, P. D., Craik, F. I. M., Booth, L. (2004). “Executive function across the life span”. Acta Psychologica, 115, 167-183.