The effectiveness of the educational package of strategies to strengthen psychological processes based on improving the speed of processing and mathematical progress of students with learning disabilities in mathematics

Authors
rayhane ghorbanpour 1
majid pakdaman 2
hossin kareshki 2
1 Education
2 Academic staff
Abstract
Abstract:

The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of the educational package of basic psychological processes on improving the processing speed and mathematical progress of elementary school students with learning disabilities in mathematics. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all female students with second grade math disorder who have referred to Tolu Qain Special Learning Difficulties Training Center in the academic year of 1400-1399, the total number of these students was 20, which is a sample They were randomly placed in two experimental and control groups. Prepare worksheets in 20 different areas of psychological processes and the experimental group was trained for 20 sessions of 45 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training. To collect data, the processing speed subscale of the fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (Wechsler, 2003), the Iran KIMAT math test, and two tests developed by the researcher of the Mathematical Progress (Qorbanpour, 2019) were used. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The obtained results showed a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in the post-test. This means that education has been effective in improving the processing speed and math progress of students with math disorders. Based on the obtained results, paying attention to the educational strategies of basic psychological processes can lead to promising results in the education and rehabilitation of students with learning disabilities, and it can be used as an effective intervention method.
Keywords
basic psychological processes
processing speed
math disorder
Ahadi, H.; Kakavand, A. R. (2012). Learning disorders. Tehran: Arsbaran Publishing House. [persian]
Ahmadshahi, Tayyaba, Hosseini, Farida Sadat, and Rajabi, Soran. (2019). The effectiveness of cognitive computer games on the executive functions and creativity of preschool children. Cognitive Psychology Quarterly, 8(3), 52-70. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/390623/fa. [persian]
Akhwan Tafti, Mahnaz, Azari Khabani, Maede and Hashemi, Zahra (2015). Teaching the usefulness of a cognitive enhancement program to improve executive functions in students with special learning disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Science Research, (3) 14, 382-372. [persian]
Andersen H. (2016). The Academic and Psychological Effects of Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities to Solve Problems Using Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies. School of Education Student Capstones and Dissertations. 5(7).pp. 12-41.
Andersson, Ulf. (2008). Mathematical competencies in children with different types of learning difficulties. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(1), 48-66.
American Psychological Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). Translated by Mehdi Ganji (2022). Tehran: Savalan Publishing. [persian]
American Psychological Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition). Translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. (2013). Tehran: Rawan Publishing House. [persian]
Asiai, Farzaneh, Yamini, Mohammad, and Mahdian, Hossein. (2017). Effectiveness of perceptual skills restoration program on working memory, perceptual reasoning and math performance of students with special math learning disorder. Psychology of exceptional people, 8(30), 133-154. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/208340/fa[persian]
Azizian, Marzieh; Asadzadeh, Hassan; Alizadeh, Hamid; Dartaj, Fariborz and Saadipour, Ismail (2016). Investigating the effectiveness of executive functions training on improving attention, inhibition and working memory in students with borderline intelligence. Behavioral Science Research, (1) 15, 93-103. [persian]
Bagharpour Styar, Nahid, Habibi Kaliber, Ramin and Misrabadi, Javad (2018). The effectiveness of teaching neuro-psychological executive functions on extra memory, planning and problem solving of students with math disorders. Cognitive Psychology Quarterly, 7(14) 64-79. [persian]
Bowden, S. C. (2013). Theoretical Convergence in Assessment of Cognition. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 31(2), 148–156.[Link]
Cornoldi C, Carreti B, Drusi S & Tencati C. (2015). Improving problem solving in primary school students: The effect of a training programme focusing on metacognition and working memory. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(3).pp. 424-439.
Fathi Ashtiani, Mina; Tafti, Mahnaz and Khademi, Moluk (2015). The effectiveness of cognitive training on the speed, processing and working memory of children with learning disabilities, Educational Psychology Quarterly, Year 12, Number 40, pp. 125-141. [persian]
Flanagan, D & Harrison, P. (2012). Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues. New York: Guilford Press.

Francesca F O , Grazia M G P , Maria S, Lucia M, Luigi V , Marco C , Andrea V (2020) . Facial Emotion Recognition in Children and Adolescents with Specific Learning Disorder. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 473 , 1-11
Froiland, J. M. & Davison, M.L. (2020). Social perception: relationships with general intelligence, working memory, processing speed, visual-spatial ability, and verbal comprehension. Educational Psychology An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 40(6): 750-
Geary, D. c. (2010). Mathematical disabilities: Reflections on cognitive, neuropsychological and genetic components. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(2), 130-33.
Hasni, Jafar and Rezaei Jamaloui, Hassan (2013). Examining information processing speed by looking at trait/state anxiety. Cognitive Psychology Quarterly. 2(3), 12-19. [persian]
Homayouni A., Homayounia., Abazari A., Adabi Firouzjaei Z. (2017). Investigating the effect of physical activities and perceptual-motor skills on learning mathematical concepts in children with neuro-psychological disabilities. Journal of Disability Studies, 3(93), 1-6. . [persian]
Hosseini Dasht Beyaz, Gholam Hossein (2017). The effectiveness of executive functions training on the performance of the components of the Stanford Intelligence Test Profile - the perception of students with learning disabilities. PhD Thesis. Islamic Azad University, Zahedan branch. [persian]
Hossein Alizadeh, Mohammad; Faramarzi, Salar and Abedi, Ahmad (2018). Investigating the effect of child-centered timely neuro-psychological interventions package on the processing speed of children with cognitive developmental delay. Scientific course of education and evaluation. Year 12, No. 46, pp. 143-162. [persian]
Hosseini Farida Sadat, Ahmadshahi Tayyaba, Rajabi Soran 2019. The effectiveness of cognitive computer games on the executive functions and creativity of preschool children. Cognitive Psychology Quarterly, 8(3):52-70[persian]
Jacky, au;Sheehan, Ellen; Tsai, Nancy; Duncan, Greg J.; Buschkuehl, Martin & Jaeggi, Susanne M (2015). Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis. Psychon Bull Rev. 2(2):366-77. [Link]
Kamkari, Cambyses; Shokrzadeh, Shohreh; Afrooz, Gholam Ali and Halat, Ahmed (2014). Guide to implementation, scoring and interpretation of children's Wechsler intelligence scales - 4th edition[persian]
Kaplan, H.; Sadock, Benjamin James and Sadock, Virginia (2022). Summary of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences - Clinical Psychiatry. Translated by Nusratullah Purafkari (1401). Tehran: Ainde Sazan and Shahrab Publications. [persian]
Karmaelian, Mehrnaz; Haqaiq, Seyyed Abbas and Rahimi Pardanjani (2018). The effectiveness of child-centered play therapy on working memory and processing speed of children with learning disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, (9) 2. 95-115. [persian]
Kaufman, A. (2009). IQ testing 101. New York: Springer. Keith, T., & Reynolds, M. (2010). Cattell-Horn-Carroll Abilities and Cognitive Tests: What We've Learned from 20 Years of Research. sychology in the Schools, 47(7), 635-650. [Link].
Keith, T., & Reynolds, M. (2010). Cattell-Horn-Carroll Abilities and Cognitive Tests: What We've Learned from 20 Years of Research. Psychology in the Schools, 47(7), 635-650. [Link]
Kong J E & Orosco M J. (2015). Word-ProblemSolving Strategy for Minority Students at Risk for Math Difficulties. Learning Disability Quarterly, 38(1).pp. 1-11.
Krawec J & Montgue M. (2014). The Role of Teacher Training in Cognitive Strategy Instruction to Improve Math Problem Solving. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 29(3).pp. 126- 134
Krawec J, Huang J, Montague M, Kressler B & Melia de Alba A. (2012). The Effects of Cognitive Strategy Instruction on Knowledge of Math Problem-Solving Processes of Middle School Students With Learning Disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 36(2).pp. 80-92.
Lerner, J. (2000) Learning Disabilities: Theories, Diagnosis and Teaching Strategies. Translated by Ismet Danesh (2016). Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press. [persian]
Nazari Marzieh, Sharifi Awadari Parviz, Asgari Mohammad, Afroz Gholamali, Qasimzadeh Sogand. (1401). Diagnostic validity of the 5th supplemental version of Wechsler children's intelligence scales in students with learning disabilities. Exceptional Children Quarterly, 22(4): 11-20. [persian]
Mc Grew. (2005). the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities: Past, Present, and Future. In D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, Tests, and Issues. New York: Guilford Press.
Mirmehdi, Seyyed Alireza; Alizadeh Hamid and Seif Naraghi Maryam (2008). The effect of executive functions training on math performance and reading of elementary school students with special learning disabilities. Journal of research in the field of exceptional children, year 9, (1): 1-12. [persian]
Parhun, Kamal; Alizadeh, Hamid; Hassanabadi, Hamidreza and Dastjardi Kazemi, Mehdi (2018) Cognitive differentiation of students with special learning disorder and learning difficulty: the role of working memory, processing speed and problem solving. New Journal of Cognitive Sciences, Volume 21, Number 3, 18-30. [persian]
Qumrani, Amir and Samadi Maryam (2016). Cognitive processes in children with special needs: introduction and application of neuropsychological theory PASS. Journal of Exceptional Education, (1) 17,144, (41-51). [persian]
Rahmani Mehri, Bogar Eshaq Rahimian, Siavash Astrologer, Nokni Mostafa (2017). The effect of combined cognitive rehabilitation interventions (computerized and manual) on improving the speed of information processing and mental state of women with MS. Cognitive Psychology Quarterly. 6 (3): 41-50 [persian]
Ranjbar Mohammad Javad, Bashirpour S, Sobhi Qaramaki Naser, Narimani Mohammad, Gholami F. (1401). The effectiveness of computerized cognitive rehabilitation of working memory on improving the planning-organizing function of children with reading disorders. Exceptional Children Quarterly, 22(4): 102-91. [persian]
Sattler, J. M. (2008). Assessment of children: Cognitive applications (4th Ed). San Diego, CA; Author.

Sharifi daramadi, Parviz (2013). Psychology and education of exceptional people, a person-centered approach in diagnosis, intervention and treatment of people with special needs. Tehran: Avai Noor Publishing House. [persian]
Sharifi Tayyaba and Rabiei Mohammad. (2011). The use of the fourth edition of the Wechsler IQ test for children in the diagnosis of writing and math disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2(2): 50 – 75. [persian]
Shahim, S.; Harun Rashidi, h. (1386). Comparison of the performance of children with verbal and non-verbal learning disorders in the revised scale of Wechsler's intelligence, Bander Gestalt's visual motor test and Iran Kemet's mathematics scale. Knowledge and Research Quarterly in Applied Psychology, 9 (32) 61-90[persian]
Shokohi Yekta, Mohsen and Parand, Akram (2018). Learning disabilities; Second edition. Tehran: Timurzadeh Publications. [persian]
Solaymiani, Ismail, Sepahrian Azar, Firouze and Imandoost, Hale (2017). The effectiveness of cognitive-metacognitive strategies on information processing speed based on the Stroop test in students with learning disabilities. Biannual scientific-research journal of clinical psychology and personality (Behavorial Science), Volume 16, 1, 3 / 110-103. [persian]
Swanson L H, Lussier C M. & Orosco M J. (2015). Cognitive Strategies, Working Memory, and Growth in Word Problem Solving in Children with Math Difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(4).pp. 339-358
Sternberg, R. (2020). The Augmented Theory of Successful Intelligence. Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology. 2 ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108770422.029
Varghese M, Rani S, Nair AK. The role of working memory as a significant determinant of academic performance. Santosh Univ J Health Sci 2021;7:34
Yarmohamedian, Ahmed; Qumrani, Amir; Saifi, Zahra and Arfa, Maryam (2014). The effectiveness of teaching cognitive strategies on memory, reading performance and information processing speed of dyslexic students. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 4 (4) pp. 101-117. [persian]
Zare, Hossein; Sharifi, Ali Akbar and Hatami, Javad (2014). Cognitive computer effectiveness on prospective memory of patients with brain damage. Applied Psychology Quarterly. 9(33) 63-77. [persian]