تأثیر برنامه ی آموزش ژیمناستیک بر چرخش ذهنی

نویسندگان
جلال دهقانی‌زاده
حسن محمدزاده
فاطمه‌سادات حسینی
دانشگاه ارومیه
چکیده
هدف از مطالعه­ی حاضر بررسی تأثیر برنامه­ی آموزش ژیمناستیک به عنوان یک فعالیت­حرکتی بر چرخش­ذهنی به عنوان یک فاکتور­شناختی است. تحقیق حاضر با در­نظر­گرفتن گروه­آزمایش با تمرین آموزش ژیمناستیک، از بین دانشجویان رشته­ی تربیت­بدنی، و گروه­کنترل بدون تمرین و آموزش، از بین دانشجویان دیگر­رشته­های علوم­انسانی، هر­گروه 40 نفر (20نفر پسر و 20 نفر دختر) انجام شد. ابتدا از هر­دو­گروه آزمون چرخش­ذهنی پترز و همکاران (1995) گرفته شد و پس از آن گروه­آزمایش، 9 هفته به برنامه­ی آموزش حرکات پایه و ابتدایی ژیمناستیک پرداختند. پس از اتمام جلسات آموزش، مجدداً پس­آزمون از هر دو گروه گرفته شد. برای بررسی تفاوت در نمرات پیش و پس آزمون در دو­گروه، از تحلیل کواریانس یکراهه (ANCOVA) و برای بررسی تفاوت چرخش­ذهنی بین دوگروه­و دختران و پسران در نمرات پیش آزمون، از آزمون t استفاده شد. یافته­ها، تفاوت معنادار در نمرات پس­آزمون نسبت به پیش­آزمون و تنها برای گروه آزمایش را نشان داد. تفاوت بین نمرات دانشجویان رشته­ی تربیت­بدنی و دانشجویان دیگر­رشته­های علوم­انسانی، به نفع دانشجویان تربیت بدنی معنادار بود. همچنین بین نمرات پسران و دختران در چرخش­ذهنی، تفاوت معناداری به نفع پسران مشاهده شد. مطالعه­ی حاضر حاکی از تأثیر برنامه­ی آموزش ژیمناستیک بر توانایی چرخش­ذهنی بود، که تأثیرات برنامه­ی مداخله­ی حرکتی بر توانایی­های فضایی و شناختی را نشان می­دهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
ها چرخش­ذهنی
برنامه­ی آموزش ژیمناستیک
تفاوت جنسی

عنوان مقاله English

Effects of Gymnastics Training on Mental Rotation

نویسندگان English

J Dehghanizadeh
H. Mohammadzadeh
F. S. Hosseini
چکیده English



The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gymnastics training, as a motor activity, on the mental rotation. This Study was carried out considering an experimental group, students of physical education practicing gymnastics training, and a control group, students of the other majors of the faculty of humanities in each group there were 40 students, 20 males and 20 females. First, the two groups took the mental rotation test of Peters et al (1995), and then the experimental group has undergone gymnastics training for 9 weeks. After the training sessions, both groups were tested again. To examine the differences in pre-test and post-test scores of the two groups, one way analysis of covariance was used, and to examine the differences of mental rotation between the two groups in pre-test scores, T test was used. The findings showed significant difference in the scores of the post- test compared to those of the pre-test, and it was shown in the experimental group. The difference between the scores of the students of physical education and the scores of the students of other majors of the faculty of humanities was significant to the benefit of the students of physical education. Furthermore, between the scores of the girls and boys in the mental rotation, significant difference was observed to the benefit of boys. In the present study, the effect of the gymnastics training program on the ability of mental rotation was concluded and this conclusion showed the effects of the program of motor intervention on the spatial and cognitive abilities

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Keyword Mental rotation
Gymnastics training program
Sex difference
Campos, J. J., Anderson, D. I., Roth, M. A. B. E., Hub-bard, M., Hertenstein M. J., Witherington, D. (2000). Travel Broadens the Mind. Infancy, 1(2), 149-219.
Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analyses for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Dehon, H., Bredart, S. (2004). False memories: Young and older adults think of semantic associates at the same rate, but young adults are more successful at source monitoring. Psychology and Aging, 19, 191-197.
Diamond, A. (2007). Interrelated and Interdependent. Developmental Science, 10(1), 152-158.
Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bog-dahn, U., May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: Changes in Grey Matter Induced by Training. Nature, 427(6972), 311-312.
Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., Sibley, B. A. (2006). A Meta-Regression to Examine the Relationship between Aerobic Fitness and Cognitive Performance. Brain Research Reviews, 52(1), 119- 130.
Fabre, C., Chamari, K. Mucci, P., Massé-Biron J., Préfaut, C. (2002). Improvement of Cognitive Function by Mental and/or Individualized Aerobic Training in Healthy Elderly Subjects. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(6), 415-421.
Geary, D. C., Saults, S. J., Liu, F. Hoard, M. K. (2000). Sex Differences in Spatial Cognition, Computational Fluency, and Arithmetical Reasoning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77(4), 337-353.
Gillberg, C. (2003). Deficits in Attention, Motor Control, and Perception: A Brief Review [Oct]. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88 (10), 904-910.
Hegarty, M., Kozhevnikov, M. (1999). Types of Visual-Spatial Representations and Mathematical Problem Solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(4), 684-689.
Jansen, P., Léonie, F., Lange, Heil. (2011). The influence of juggling on mental rotation performance in children. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 3, 18 – 22, 2011.
Jansen, P., Pietsch, S. (2010). Physical Activity Improves Mental Rotation Performance. Creative Education, 1, 58-61.
Jansen, P., Titze, C., Heil, M. (2009). The Influence of Juggling on Mental Rotation Performance. Journal of International Sport Psychology, 40(1): 351-359.
Jordan, K., Heinze, J., Lutz, K., Kanowski, M., Jäncke, L. (2001). Cortical Activations during the Mental Rotation of Different Visual Objects. Neuroimage, 13(1), 143-152.
Just, M. A., Carpenter, P.A. (1985). Cognitive coordinate systems: Accounts of mental rotation and individual differences in spatial ability. Psychological Review, 92, 137-171.
Linn, M. C., Peterson, A. C. (1985). Emergence and Characterization of Sex-Differences in Spatial Ability: A Meta- Analysis. Child Development, 56(6), 1479-1498.
Maccoby, E. E., Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Moè, A. (2012). Gender difference does not mean genetic difference: Externalizing improves performance in mental rotation. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 20–24.
Moreau, D. (2012). The role of motor processes in three-dimensional mental rotation: Shaping cognitive processing via sensorimotor experience. Learning and Individual Differences. 22(3), 354–359.
Moreau, D., Clerc, J., Mansy-Dannay, A., Guerrien, Alain. (2012). Enhancing spatial ability through sport practice: Evidence for an effect of motor training on mental rotation performance. Journal of Individual Differences, 33(2), 83-88.
Peters, M., Laeng, B., Latham, K., Jackson, M., Zaiyouna, R. (1995). Richardson C. A Redrawn Vandenberg & Kuse Mental Rotations Test: Different Versions and Factors that affect Performance. Brain and Cognition, 28: 39-58.
Pietsch, S., Jansen, P. (2012). Different mental rotation performance in students of music, sport and education. Journal of Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 159–163.
Poormohseni, F., Vafaee, M., Fallah, A. (2005). The impact of computer games on children's mental rotation ability. Advances in Cognitive Science, 6(3), 75-84. [In Persian]
Roberts, J. (2001). The Effects of Age and Sex on Mental Rotation Performance, Verbal Performance, and Brain Electrical Activity. PhD Dissertation, University of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State.
Sene, A., Salman, Z., Aghazadeh, M. (2008). The effect of physical activity and game on mental abilities of preschool boys. Journal of Educational Innovations, 26 (20), 87-106. [In Persian].
Shepard, R. N., Metzler, J. (1971). Mental Rotation of Three- Dimensional Objects. Science, 171(972), 701-703.
Smith, L. B. Thelen, E., Titzer, R., McLin, D. (1999). Knowing in the Context of Acting: The Task Dynamics of the A-not-B Error. Psychological Review, 106(2), 235-260.
Voyer, D., Voyer, S., Bryden, M.P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117(2), 250-270.
Weigelt, M., Steggemann, Y., Engbert, K. (2011). Selective effects of motor expertise in mental body rotation tasks: Comparing object-based and perspective transformations. Brain and Cognition, 76, 97–105.
Wraga, M., Thompson, W. L., Alpert, N. M., Kosslyn, S. M. (2003). Implicit Transfer of Motor Strategies in Mental Rotation. Brain and Cognition, 52(2), 135-143.