بررسی اثر دست برتری، جنسیت و سن بر ادراک زمان

نویسندگان
دانشگاه پیام نور
چکیده
جانبی شدن مغز با کارکردهای شناختی در ارتباط است، از این رو انتظار می رود که دست برتری نیز به عنوان یکی از نتایج جانبی شدن، با عملکرد شناختی ادراک زمان در ارتباط باشد. در این تحقیق علی- مقایسه ای به روش در دسترس 40 دختر راست دست،40 دختر چپ دست ،40 پسر راست دست و 40 دختر چپ دست با کمک پرسشنامه ادینبورگ انتخاب شدند. ادراک زمان آنها نیز با چهار روش سنجش تولید، باز تولید، برآورد کلامی و مقایسه ای به کمک نرم افزار معتبر سنجیده شد. نتایج رگرسیون چند متغیره نشان داد که سن آزمودنیها به طور منفی و معنادار ادراک زمان را به روش سنجش برآورد کلامی و تولید پیش بینی می نماید. دست برتری به طور مثبت و معنی دار ادراک زمان را به روش سنجش برآورد کلامی پیش بینی می کند. همچنین نتایج رگراسیون لجستیک نشان داد که دست برتری می تواند ادراک زمان را به روش سنجش مقایسه ای پیش بینی نماید. در این تحقیق بین دو جنس نیز تفاوت معنا داری مشاهده نگردید. جمع بندی نتایج نشان می دهد هرچند که افراد راست دست نسبت به افراد چپ دست از زمان، برآورد بالاتری دارند اما در تشخیص تفاوت دو زمان نزدیک به یکدیگر به طور معنا دارای دچار اشتباهات بیشتری می شوند. همچنین هر چه سن افراد بیشتر شود، گذشت زمان برای آنها سریعتر ادراک می شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Effects of handedness, sex and age on the perception of time

نویسندگان English

Ahmad Alipoor
Mahnaz Ali Akbari
Hamid Reza Imanifar
Ehsan Zeraatkar
چکیده English

The proposed link between brain laterality and individual differences in cognitive tasks provided the theoretical foundation for the present study. The main purpose of this study was to investigate this potential link, specifically between one aspect of brain function, namely hand dominance, and one type of cognitive task, namely the ability to perceive short intervals of time. The sample included 40 girls and 40 boys left hands and 40 girls and 40 boys right hands in school students fasa city that were selected with the help of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and also time Perception measured with four methods of production, reproduction, verbal estimation and comparison by standard software .Regression analysis showed that age predicted negatively and significantly time perception to the measuring verbal estimation and production method. Handedness was positively and significantly predicted measuring verbal estimation method time perception. Logistic regression results also showed that Handedness predicted the time perception the measuring comparison method. In this study , not showed significantly different between the sexes. Summarizes the results show that right-handed people than left-handers to perceive higher intervals of time but at the time discrepancies are close to each other have more wrong.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Keyword time perception
handedness
age
gender
Alipor,A., Salehmirhosaeni,V.(1390). Handedness and intelligence: Compare intelligence and its subscales between left-hand and right-hand educational psychology Journal. No.21. [Persian]
Alipor, A.(1385). Assess the reliability and validity of the Chapman Handedness Inventory, iranian psychology .No.2. [Persian]
Alipor,A. Imanifar, H., Zaraatkar.E.(1393). Construction and validation of measuring perception of time software Under press. [Persian]
Annett, M. (1992). Spatial Ability in Subgroups of Left and Right Handers. British Journal.
Psychology, 83 (4): 493-515.
Ahn, H.-K., Liu, M. W., & Soman, D. (2009). Memory markers: How consumers recall the duration of experiences. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 508–516. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.05.002.
Artieda, J. & Pastor, M. (1996). Neuropsychological mechanisms of temporal perception. In M.
Pastor & J. Artieda (Eds.), Time, internal clocks, and movement, 1-26. Netherlands: Elsevier Science.

Block, R. A. (1990). Cognitive models of psychological time. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Block, R. A., Hancock, P. A., & Zakay, D. (2000). Sex differences in duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Memory and Cognition, 28, 1333–1346.

Bruss, F. T., & Rüschendorf, L. (2010). On the perception of time. Gerontology, 56, 361-370. doi:10.1159/000272315

Bueti, D., Walsh, V., Frith, C., & Rees, G. (2008). Different brain circuits underlie motor and perceptual representations of temporal intervals.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 204-214. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20017.

Bull, D. W. (1973). Effects of aging on temporal experience. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.

Cetin,N., Mahir,N., Torun.S.(2002). The relationship between left-handedness and aptitude in geometry.. Hacettepe ـniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 22 : 40-45 .
Cornish, L .(1996). the Gesch wind & calabadura theary of cerebral lateralization.An Empirical
Evaluation Current psychology, 15,1: 68-77.
Christman, S. D. (2001). Individual differences in Stroop and local-global processing: A possible role of interhemispheric interaction. 45(1). 97-118.

Christman, S. D., Phaneuf, K. A., & Propper, R. E. (2005). A mixed-handed advantage in
episodic memory: A possible role of interhemispheric interaction. Memory & Cognition. 33. 751-757.

Christman, S. D., Bentle, M., & Niebauer, C. L. (2007). Handedness differences in body image distortion and eating disorder symptomatology. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(3). 247-256.

Clarke, J. M., & Zaidel, E. (1994). Anatomical-behavioral relationships: Corpus callosum
morphometry and hemispheric specialization. Behavioural Brain Research, 64, 185-202.

Cohen, J. (1967). Psychological time in health and disease. C.C. Thomas: Springfield, IL.

Coren, S. (1992). The left-hander syndrome. New York: Free Press.

Delay, E. R., & Richardson, M. A. (1981). Time estimation in humans: Effects of ambient illumination and sex. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53, 747–750.

Danckert, J., Ferber, S., Pun, C., Broderick, C., Striemer, C., Rock, S., & Stewart, D. (2007). Neglected time: Impaired temporal perception of multisecond intervals in unilateral neglect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1706-1720. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.10.1706.

Drew, M. R., Fairhust, S., Malapani, C., Horvitz, J. C., & Balsam, P. D. (2003). Effects of dopamine antagonists on the timing of two intervals. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75, 9–15. doi:10.1016/ S0091-3057(03)00036-4.

Droit-Volet, S., Bigand, E., Ramos, D., & Bueno, J. L. O. (2010). Time flies with music whatever its emotional valence. Acta Psychologica, 135, 226–232. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.003.

DuNouy, P. LeCompte (1937). Biological time. New York: MacMillan.

Ekhteari, H., Jannati,A.,Parhizgar,E.,& Makri,A.(1382). Time perception and methods of evaluation cognitive science jurnal, No.4. [Persian]
Fraisse, P. (1984). Perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 1-36.

Gerbing, D.W., Ahadi, S.A., & Patton, J.H. (1987). Toward a conceptualization of impulsivity: Components across the behavioral and self-report domains. Multivariate Behavioral
Research, 22, 357-379.

Getsinger, S. H. (1974). Temporal estimation, sex, and ego strength. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 38, 322.


Gibbon, J. (1977). Scalar expectancy theory and Weber’s law in animal timing. Psychological Review, 84, 279 –325. doi:10.1037/0033- 295X.84.3.279.
Gibbon, J., Church, R. M., & Meck, W. H. (1984). Scalar timing in memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423, 52–77.doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb23417.x

Grondin, S. (Ed.). (2008). Psychology of time. Bingley, England:Emerald.


Grondin, S. (2001). From physical time to the first and second moments of psychological time. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 22-44. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.22.

Grondin,S.(2010). Timing and time perception: A review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. JOURNAL OF Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics,2010, 72 (3), 561-582.

Jones, M. R., & Boltz, M. (1989). Dynamic attending and responses to time. Psychological Review, 96, 459-491. doi:10.1037/0033-295X
.96.3.459

Hakimi, M.K, Khodapanahi. M.K ,& Heydari. M.(2011). Relationship between handedness with visuo- spatial and cognitive flexibility. Journal Behaviour Science. Vol.5, No. 1, 83-89.
Halpern, D. F. (2000). Sex differences in cognitive abilities. New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum.

Hancock, P. A., Vercruyssen, M., & Rodenburg, G. (1992). Estimation of duration and mental workload at differing times of day by males and females. Current Psychological Research and Reviews, 11, 203–225.

Hancock, P. A. (2002). The time of your life. Kronoscope, 2(2), 135–165.
Hancock, P.A.& Rausch.R.(2010).The effects of sex, age, and interval duration on the perception of time. Acta Psychologica 133 . 170–179.
Hansen, J., & Trope, Y. (2012, July 16). When Time Flies: How Abstract and Concrete Mental
Construal Affect the Perception of Time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0029283.

Harris, L. J. (1992). Left-handedness. In F. Boller and J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of
neuropsychology, 6, 145-208. Netherlands: Elsevier Science.

Hornstein, A., & Rotter, G. (1969). Research methodology in temporal perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 79, 561–564.


Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1990). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. New York: W. H. Freeman. Chapter 7: Neurological Disorders.pp. 130-154.
Macar, F., & Vidal, F. (2009). Timing processes: An outline of behavioural and neural indices not systematically considered in timing models. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 227-239. doi:10.1037/a0014457.

Maricq, A. V., & Church, R. M. (1983). The differential effects of haloperidol and methamphetamine on time estimation in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 79, 10–15. doi:10.1007/BF00433008.

Masud,Y.,& Ajmal,A.(2012). Left-handed People in a Right-handed World: A Phenomenological Study, Pakistan journal of social and clinical psychology,vol,9,No.2,49-60.
McAuley, J. D., Jones, M. R., Holub, S., Johnston, H. M., & Miller, N. S. (2006). The time of our lives: Life span development of timing and event tracking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 348-367. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.135.3.348

Meck, W. H. (1983). Selective adjustment of the speed of internal clock and memory processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 171–201. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.9.2.171.

Mohamed, A.(2012). Handedness as a Predictor of Brain Dominance, European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 85 No .3, 2012, pp.470 – 485.
Nichelli, P., Always, D., & Grafman, J. (1996). Perceptual timing in cerebellar degeneration. Neuropsychologia, 34, 863-871. doi:10.1016/ 0028-3932(96)00001-2.

O’Boyle, M. W. & Benbow, C. P. (1990). Handedness and its relationship to ability and talent.
In S. Coren (Ed.), Left-handedness: Behavioral implications and anomalies, 343-350. North Holland: Elsevier Science.

Perbal, S., Droit-Voler, S., Isingrini, M., Pouthas, V. (2002). Relationships between age-related changes in time estimation and age-related changes in processing speed, attention, and memory. Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition, 9, 201-216.

Rodriguez, M.(2005). Time estimation and hand. A dissertation ubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the epartment of Psychology in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida.

Roeckelein, J. E. (1972). Sex differences in time estimation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 35, 859–862.

Schroots, J. J. F., & Birren, J. E. (1990). Concepts of time and aging in science. In J.E. Birren & K.W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 45-64). San Diego, CA: Academi Press.
Springer, S.P., & Deutsch, G. (2001). Left brain, right brain: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience. Behavioral approaches to asymmetry (pp.98-111). NY: W.H.Freeman and Company Worth Publishers.
Wearden, J. H. (2005). The wrong tree: Time perception and time experience in the elderly. In J. Duncan,L. Phillips, & P. McLeod (Eds.), Measuring the mind: Speed, age, and control (pp. 137-158).Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zakay, D., (1993). Time estimation methods, do they influence prospective duration estimates? Perception, 22, 91-101.
Westfall,J.E,Jasper.J.D.Zelmanova,Y.(2010). Differences in time perception as a function of strength of handedness. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 49, issue 6 . p. 629-633.