بررسی مقایسه‌‌ای عملکرد حافظه کاری ، سیستم فعال-ساز رفتاری (BAS) و سیستم بازداری رفتاری (BIS) بر اساس ابعاد استرس در نوجوانان

نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه ارومیه
2 دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی
3 دانشگاه خوارزمی
چکیده
هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی میزان عملکرد در حافظه کاری و همچنین مقایسه ابعاد سیستم فعال­ساز رفتاری (BAS) و سیستم بازداری رفتاری (BIS) در سطوح مختلف استرس بود. به این منظور، ابتدا 560 نفر از دانش­آموزان نوجوان مقطع دبیرستان (شامل پسران و دختران) از طریق نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای چند مرحله­ای از مدارس متوسطه سطح شهر همدان انتخاب، پس از تحلیل نتایج اولیه تعداد 87 نفر از آنان بر اساس نمرات انتهایی توزیع (Z استاندارد) انتخاب شده و درنهایت به منظور آزمون فرضیه­های پژوهش، شرکت­کنندگان جهت سنجش حافظه کاری و سیستم­های فعال­ساز رفتاری و بازداری رفتاری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. داده­ها پس از جمع­آوری با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره، واریانس تک متغیره و آزمون­های تعقیبی تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تعامل معناداری بین متغیر استرس و جنسیت بر روی حافظه کاری و سیستم­های فعال­ساز و بازداری رفتاری وجود ندارد، از سویی نتایج نشان داد که سطوح استرس بالا منجر به کاهش عملکرد حافظه فعال شده و همچنین آزمودنی­های با سطوح استرس بالا از نظر میزان فعالیت سیستم فعال­ساز رفتاری (BAS) و سیستم بازداری رفتاری (BIS) در سطح بالاتری قرار داشتند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Comparative study of working memory performance, behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition (BIS) based on the dimensions of stress in adolescents

نویسندگان English

Sohrab Amiri 1
Amir Ghasemi Navvab 2
Mohammad H. Abdollahi 3
چکیده English

The aim of the present study was to investigate the amount of performance in working memory, and also comparing the dimensions of behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) in different levels of stress. For this purpose, first, 560 persons of high school adolescent students (including boys and girls) of Hamadan's schools were selected through a multistage cluster sampling. After the initial data analysis, 87 of them, based on final score distribution (Z Standard) were chosen. Finally, in order to test the hypothesis of this study, participants were have studied to measure working memory and behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems. The collected data were analyzed using a Multivariate analysis of variance, ANOVA and post hoc tests. Results showed that there is no significant interaction between gender and stress variables considering the working memory and behavioral inhibition and activation system. On the other hand, results showed that high stress levels can lead to a decline in working memory function and participants with high levels of stress were also at higher level in terms of activity of behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS).

کلیدواژه‌ها English

stress
working memory
Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005). Working Memory and Intelligence: The Same or Different Constructs? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 30-60.
Akirav, I. M., & Kozenicky, M., (2004). A Facilitative Role for Corticosterone in the Acquisition of a Spatial Task under Moderate Stress. Learn. Memory 11, 188-195.
Amiri, S., Ghasemi navab, A., & yaghobi, A. (In press). Reliability, validity, factor analysis Persian version of adolescent Stress Questionnaire. [persian].
Anticevic, A. Repovs, G. Shulman, G. L, Barch, D. M. (2010). When less is more: TPJ and default network deactivation during encoding predicts working memory performance. Neuroimage, 49 (3), 2638–48.
Arnsten, A. F. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 410-422.
Arnsten, A. F., Mathew, R., Ubriani, R., Taylor, J. R., & Li, B. M. (1999). Alpha-1 Noradrenergic Receptor Stimulation Impairs Prefrontal Cortical Cognitive Function. Biol. Psychiatry, 45, 26—31.
Asadzade, H. (2004). Working memory, learning and teaching technology, Proceedings of First Conference on Educational Technology. Faculty of Psychology, University of Allameh Tabatabai. [persian].
Baddeley, A. (1996). The Fractionation of Working Memory. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 13468-13472.
Baddeley, A. D. (1986), Working memory, Science, 255, 566-569.
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working Memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology Of Learning And Motivation: Advances In Research And Theory (pp. 47-89). New York: Academic Press.
Baddeley, A., & Repovs, G. (2006). The Multi- Component Model of Working Memory: Explorations in Experimental Cognitive Psychology. Neuroscience; 139: 5-21.
Baddeley, A., (2003). Working Memory: Looking Back and Looking Forward. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 829—839.
Baddeley, A.D. (1989). The Psychology of Remembering and Forgetting. In T. Butler (Ed), Memory: History, Culture And The Mind. London: Basil Blackwell.
Baddeley, A.D. (1990).Human Memory. Theory and Practice. Needham Heights, Ma: Allyn & Bacon.
Baddeley, A.D. (1992). Working Memory. Science, 255, 256-259.
Baddeley, A.D. (1993).Verbal And Visual Subsystem of Working Memory. Current Biology, 3, 563-565.
Baddeley, A.D. (2000).The Episodic Buffer: A New Component of Working Memory. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 417-423.
Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974).Working Memory. In G. Bower (Ed), Advance in Learning and Motivation (Vol. 8, Pp.47- 90). New York: Academic Press.
Bauuchaine, T. P., Vagol (2001). Tone, Development, And Gray’s Motivational Theory: Toward an Integrated Model of Autonomic Nervous System Functioning in Psychopathology. Journal of Development Psychopathology, 13(1), 183-214.
Byrne, D. G., Davenport, S. C., & Mazanov, J. (2007). Profiles of Adolescent Stress: The Development of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ). J Adolesc, 30 (3), 393-416.
Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Binkley, P. F., Quigley, K.S., Uchino, B. N., & Fieldstone, A. (1994). Autonomic Cardiac Control II: Noninvasive Indices and Basal Response As Revealed By Autonomic Blockades. Psychophysiology, 31, 586-598.
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319–333.
Carver, C. S., Sutton, S. K., & Scheier, M. F. (2000). Action, Emotion, and Personality: Emerging Conceptual Integration. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 741-751.
Collins, M. E. (2001). Transition to Adulthood for Vulnerable Youths: A Review of Research and Implications for Policy. Social Service Review, 75, 271–291.
Cornelisse, S. Van Stegeren, A.H, Joels, M. (2011). Implications of psychosocial stress on memory formation in a typical male versus female student sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology, (4), 569–78.
Cousijn H, Rijpkema M, Qin S, van Wingen GA, Fernandez G. (2012). Phasic deactivation of the medial temporal lobe enables working memory processing under stress. Neuroimage, 59 (2), 1161–7
D’Esposito, M., Postle, B.R., Rypma, B. (2000). Prefrontal cortical contributions to working memory: evidence from event-related fMRI studies. Exp. Brain Res, 133: 3-11.
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. (1980). Individual Differences in Working Memory and Reading"; Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior, 19, 450-466.
Davis, M. (2003). Addressing the Needs of Youth In Transition To Adulthood. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 30, 495–509.
De Kloet, E. R., (2003). Hormones, Brain and Stress. Endocr. Regul. 37, 51—68.
De Quervain, D. J. F., Roozendaal, B., & McGaugh, J. L., (1998). Stress and Glucocorticoids Impair Retrieval of Long-Term Spatial Memory. Nature, 394, 787—790.
De Vriendt, T., Clays, E., Moreno, L.A., Bergman, P., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Nagy, E., Dietrich, S., Manios Y., & De Henauw, S., (2011). HELENA Study Group. Reliability and Validity of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire in a Sample of European Adolescents E the HELENA Study. BMC Public Health, 11: 717.
Dickerson, S.S, Kemeny, M.E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130 (3), 355–91.
Diorio, D., Viau, V., & Meaney, M.J., (1993). The Role of The Medial Prefrontal Cortex (Cingulate Gyrus) in The Regulation of Hypothalamic pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress. J. Neurosci. 13, 3839—3847.
Duncan, J., Seitz, R.J., Kolodny, J., Bor, D., Herzog, H., Ahmed, A., Newell, F.N., & Emslie, H.A. (2000). Neural Basis for General Intelligence. Science, 289,457-460.
Duncko, R, Johnson, L, Merikangas, K, & Grillon C (2009). Working memory performance after acute exposure to the cold pressor stress in healthy volunteers. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 91 (4), 377–81.
Elling, L., Steinberg, C., Brockelmann, A. K., Dobel, C., Bolte, J., & Junghofer, M (2011). Acute Stress Alters Auditory Selective Attention in Humans Independent of HPA: A Study of Evoked Potentials. PLoS One, 6(4), 18009.
Eysenck, M.W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M.G (2007). Anxiety and Cognitive Performance: Attentional Control Theory. Emotion; 7(2), 336-35.
Finlay, J.M., Zigmond, M.J., & Abercrombie, E.D., (1995). Increased Dopamine and Norepinephrine Release in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Induced By Acute and Chronic Stress — Effects of Diazepam. Neuroscience. 64, 619—628.
Fowles, D. C. (1993). Biological Variables in Psychopathology: A Psychobiological Perspective. In H. E. Adams & P. B. Sutker (Eds.), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology (pp. 85–141). New York: Plenum Press.
Goel, V.; & Grafman, J. (1995). Are The Frontal Lobes Implicated In “Planning” Functions? Interpreting Data from the Tower Of Hanoi. Neuropsychologia, 33,632-642.
Gray, J. A. (1991). The Neuropsychology of Temperament. In J. Strelau, & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Explorations in Temperament: International Perspectives on Theory and Measurement. Perspectives on Individual Differences (pp. 105–128). New York: Plenum Press.
Gray, J. A. (1994). Framework for A Taxonomy of Psychiatric Disorders. In S. H. M. V. Goozen, N. E. V. Poll & J. Sergeant (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on Emotion Theory (pp. 29–59). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Gray, J.A., & Mcnaughton, N. (2000). The Psychology of Anxiety and Enquiry in To the Functions Of The Septo Hippocampus System. 2nded. New York, Oxford University Press Inc, 314-320.
Gray, J, A., (1987). Perspectives on Anxiety and Impulsivity: A commentary. Journal of research in personality, 21,493-509.
Hoffman, R., & Al'Absi, M. (2004). The Effect of Acute Stress on Subsequent Neuropsychological Test Performance. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol, 19,497-506.
Hornung, C., Brunner, M., Reuter, A. P. R., & Martin, R. (2010). Children's Working Memory: Its Structure and Relationship to Fluid Intelligence. Intelligence, 39, 210–221.
Humphreys, M. S., & Revelle, W. (1984). Personality, Motivation, and Performance: A Theory of the Relationship between Individual Differences and Information Processing. Psychological Rewiew, 91, 153.
Jarvis, H. L., & Gathercole, S. E. (2003). Verbal and Non-Verbal Working Memory and Achievements on National Curriculum Tests at 11 and 14 Years of Age. Educational and Child Psychology, 20, 123-140.
Kaneda, M., & Osaka, N. (2008). Role of anterior cingulate cortex during semantic coding in verbal working memory. Neuroscience Letters, 436(1), 57-61.
Klucken, T, Brouwer, A. M, Chatziastros, A, Kagerer S, Netter, P, Hennig, J. (2010). The impact of coping style on gaze duration. PLoS One, 5 (11), 15395
Kuhlmann, S., Piel, M., & Wolf, O.T., (2005). Impaired Memory Retrieval After Psychosocial Stress in Healthy Young Men. J. Neurosci, 25, 2977—2982.
Luethi, M, Meier, B, Sandi, C. (2009). Stress effects on working memory, explicit memory, and implicit memory for neutral and emotional stimuli in healthy men.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 2, 1–9.
Lupien, S.J., McEwen, B. S, Gunnar, M. R., Heim, C. (2009). Effects of Stress throughout the Lifespan on the Brain, Behavior and Cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 434–45.
Marcia, J. (2006). Jagidentitet och objektrelationer. [Identity and object relations]. In A. Frisén, & P. Hwang (Eds.), Ungdomar och Identitet. [Young people and identity]. Blåvita Serien. Natur och Kultur.
Matthews, G.; & Gilliland, K. (1999). The personality theories of Eysenck and J. A. Gray: A comparative review. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 583-626.
McEwen, B.S., Morrison, J. H. (2013). The brain on stress: vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course. Neuron, 79, 16-29.
Meyer, B., Johnson, S. L., & Winters, R. (2001). Responsiveness to Threat and Incentive in Bipolar Disorder: Relations of the BIS/BAS Scales with Symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 133–143.
Mojtaba Zadh, M. (2006). Investigate the relationship between working memory, anxiety, academic achievement among students in secondary high schools in Zanjan. M.A thesis, Faculty of Psychology, University of Allameh Tabatabai. [persian].
Mohammadi, N. (2008). Psychometric properties of Behavioral inhibition and activation systems scale in students at Shiraz University. Journal of Shahed, 15 (28), 61-68. [persian].
Moksnes, U. K., Byrne, D. G., Mazanov, J., & Espnes, G. A. (2010). Adolescent Stress: Evaluation of the Factor Structure of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ-N). Scand J Psychol, 51(3), 203-209.
Moreno, L. A., González-Gross, M., Kersting, M., Molnár, D., de Henauw, S., Beghin, L,Sjöström, M., Hagströmer, M., Manios, Y., Gilbert, C. C., Ortega, F. B., Dallongeville , J., Arcella, D., Wärnberg, J., Hallberg, M., Fredriksson, H., Maes, L., Widhalm, K., Kafatos, A. G., & Marcos, A. (2008). HELENA Study Group. Assessing, Understanding and Modifying Nutritional Status, Eating Habits and Physical Activity in European Adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study. Public Health Nutr, 11(3), 288-299.
Muller, N. G., Knight, R. T. (2006). The Functional Neuroanatomy of Working Memory: Contributions of Human Brain Lesion Studies. Neuroscience 139, 51—58.
Nounopoulos, A., Ashby, J. S., & Gilman, R. (2006). Coping Resources, Perfectionism and Academic Performance among Adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 4(5), 613–622.
Oei, N.Y., Everaerd, W. T,, Elzinga, B. M., Van Well, S., & Bermond, B. (2006). Psychosocial Stress Impairs Working Memory at High Loads: An Association With Cortisol Levels and Memory Retrieval. Stress, 9(3), 133–41.
Pickering, S. J., & Gathercole, S. E. (2004). Distinctive Working Memory Profiles in Children with Special Educational Needs. Educational Psychology, 24, 393−408.
Porcelli, A. J., Cruz, D., Wenberg, K., Patterson, M. D., Biswal, B. B., & Rypma, B. (2008): The Effects of Acute Stress on Human Prefrontal Working Memory Systems. Physiol Behav 95, 282–289.
Prabhakaran, V., Rypma, B., Gabrieli, J. D. (2001). Neural Substrates of Mathematical Reasoning: An Fmri Study of Neocortical Activation during Performance of the Necessary Arithmetic Operations Test. Neuropsychology, 15, 115-127.
Riding, R. (2002). Learning and cognitive style. Translated by Assad Zadeh. H. Tehran: Abed. [persian].
Riding, R. J., Asadzadeh Dahraei. H., Grimley, M. & Banner, G. (2001). Working Memory, Cognitive Style and Academic Attainment, in R. Nata (Ed.) Progress in Education volume 5, New York: Nava Science Publishers, Inc.
Romeo, R. D. (2010). Adolescence: a central event in shaping stress reactivity.Developmental Psychobiology, 52,244e253.
Rudolph, K. D. (2002). Gender differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stress during adolescence.Journal of Adolescent Health, 30,3e13.
Salomon, K., Matthews, K. A., & Allen, M. T. (2000). Patterns of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Reactivity in a Sample of Children and Adolescents. Psychophysiology, 37, 842-849.
Schoofs, D., Preub, D., Wolf, O.T. (2008). Psychosocial Stress Induces Working Memory Impairments in An N-Back Paradigm. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33,643–653.
Schoofs, D., Wolf, O.T., Smeets, T. (2009). Cold pressor stress impairs performance on working memory tasks requiring executive functions in healthy young men. Behavioral Neuroscience, 123 (5), 1066–75.
Schwabe, L., Wolf, O.T., & Oitzl, M.S. (2010). Memory Formation under Stress: Quantity and Quality. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 34 (4), 584— 591.
Shackman, A. J., Maxwell, J. S, McMenamin, B. W., Greischar, L. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2011). Stress Potentiates Early and Attenuates Late Stages of Visual Processing. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(3), 1156–61.
Smeets, T., Jelicic, M., & Merckelbach, H. (2006). The Effect of Acute Stress on Memory Depends on Word Valence. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 62, 30—37.
Smits, D. J., & Boeck, P. D. (2006). From BIS/BAS to the Big Five. European Journal of Personality 20 255‐270.
Susman, E. J., & Dorn, L. D. (2009). Puberty: its role in development. In R. M. Lerner, & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed). (pp. 116- 151). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tuholski, S. W., Engle, R. W., & Baylis, G. C. (2001). Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Enumeration. Memory & Cognition, 29, 484−492.
Van Stegeren, A. H. (2009). Imaging Stress Effects on Memory: A Review of Neuroimaging Studies. Can J Psychiatry, 54, 16–27.
Weerda, R, Muehlhan, M, Wolf, O. T, Thiel, C. M. (2010). Effects of acute psychosocial stress on working memory related brain activity in men. Human Brain Mapping, 31 (9), 1418–29.
Zoccola, P. M, Quas, J. A, Yim, I. S. Salivary cortisol responses to a psychosocial laboratory stressor and later verbal recall of the stressor: the role of trait and state rumination. Stress, 13 (5), 435–43Wolf, O. T., (2009). Stress and Memory in Humans: Twelve Years of Progress? Brain Res. 1293, 142—154.