تأثیر تمرین کم‌ خطا، پرخطا و مقیاس‎بندی تجهیزات بر دقت اجرای حرکتی کودکان در شرایط فشار روان‌شناختی

نویسندگان
محمد صحبتیها 1
علی اکبر جابری مقدم 2
مهدی شهبازی 3
مهدی شهبازی 3
1 دانشجوی دکتری یادگیری حرکتی دانشگاه تهران
2 استادیار رفتار حرکتی دانشگاه تهران
3 دانشیار رفتار حرکتی دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
هدف پژوهش حاضر، مقایسه روش‎های یادگیری کم‏ خطا، پرخطا و مقیاس‎بندی تجهیزات بر دقت پرتاب بسکتبال کودکان در شرایط فشار روان‌شناختی بود. بدین منظور 50 دانش‎آموز پسر مقطع ابتدایی 10-12 سال به‌طور تصادفی در پنج گروه آزمایشی تمرین با روش کم‏ خطا، پر خطا، تجهیزات استاندارد، تجهیزات مقیاس‎بندی‎شده و ترکیبی قرار گرفتند. پس از 5 جلسه اکتساب، آزمون یادداری و انتقال (تحت‌فشار روان‌شناختی) در حضور تماشاگران و ارزیاب اجرا شد. قبل از آزمون یادداری و بلافاصله بعد از آزمون انتقال، پرسشنامه اضطراب حالتی رقابتی- 2 توسط شرکت‎کنندگان تکمیل گردید. داده‎ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس مرکب و t زوجی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد اجرای گروه تمرین با تجهیزات استاندارد (اندازه کامل) در آزمون انتقال نسبت به آزمون یادداری، افت معنی‎داری داشته است. بااین‌وجود در گروه‏های تمرین با تجهیزات مقیاس‎بندی‎شده افت معنی‏داری بین دو آزمون مشاهده نشد. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر به نظر می‎رسد استفاده از تجهیزات مقیاس‎بندی‎شده در روشی مشابه با تمرین کم‏ خطا باعث یادگیری پنهان دانش آموزان شده و از افت اجرا تحت شرایط فشار روان‌شناختی ممانعت می‎کند. بنابراین می‎تواند به‌عنوان روشی مناسب برای آموزش مهارت‎های حرکتی برای کودکان استفاده شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
افت اجرا
تجهیزات مقیاس‎بندی‎شده
یادگیری پنهان
تمرین کم ‌خطا

عنوان مقاله English

The Effect of Errorless, Error full and scaling equipment on Accuracy of children’s motor performance under Stress

نویسندگان English

Mohamad Sohbatiha 1
Ali Akbar Jaberimoqadam 2
Mehdi Shahbazi 3
Mehdi Shahbazi 3
1 Ph.D. Student in Motor Learning, University of Tehran
2 Assistant Professor in Motor Behavior, University of Tehran
3 Associate Professor in Motor Behavior, University of Tehran
چکیده English

The aim of this study was to compare the effects Errorless, Error full and scaling equipment methods on accuracy of the throw basketball under stress in children. 50 elementary boy students 10-12 years randomly divided into five groups (errorless, error full, Training with scaling and standard equipment, scaling equipment and combined). After 5 session in acquisition, retention and transfer (under stress) tests were conducted. Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 was filled out by participants before retention and after transfer tests. Data was analyzed with dependent t-test and mixed ANOVA. Significant reduction were found between retention and transfer tests in training with standard equipment group. Performance of standard equipment group declined under pressure. However, performance Decrement in other groups was not significant. In general, according the results of this study, the use of scaled equipment by children lead to implicit learning in the same manner as the errorless learning paradigm and prevents choking under stress. Therefore, it can be used as a proper method for teaching motor skills in children.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

choking
scaled equipment
Implicit Learning
Errorless practice
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