Conceptual Metaphor, Creativity, Thinking Education, teaching of creative thinking

Authors
1 Tehran University
2 Kharazmi University
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the role and application of the concept of metaphor of Lakoff in thinking teaching. This research has been conducted with conceptual analysis method of 30 selected sources in two parts of the technical language and the conventional language. The results of technical language analysis indicate that the role or outcomes of conceptual metaphor in the teaching of creative thinking can be generally divided into two cognitive and social domains. Cognitive outcomes include: developing the skills of reasoning, improving the ability to reason, and rational and formal ability, and the ability to conceptualize, and from the social consequences of learning logic and reasoning to speak, learning to speak properly, principled, attractive and thoughtful, and reinforcement of spiritual and everyday speech and the like. The results of conventional language analysis show that thinking education is mostly metaphorical and metaphorical, and the choice of different metaphors can have different educational outcomes. The use of conceptual metaphors in teaching thinking is effective in facilitating learning and learning, and teachers can, for better thinking, use students to direct their thoughts, ideas and phenomena, both metaphors, and that learners create metaphors to improve their learning and to creativity in their thinking. Teachers and educators should, in the process of teaching teaching, while working with children, follow the offending and gradual stages. At the end of the article, a typical model for the teaching of creative thinking based on conceptual metaphor was presented.





Keywords

Arslan, D, Karatas, Z (2015), Mirror of Prospective Teachers’ Mind: Metaphors, 15Conference on Educational Sciences, (WCES-), Novotel Athens Convention Center, Athens, Greece.
Bagheri, Kh, Sajjadiye, N and Tavassoli, T (2010). Research Approaches in Philosophy of Education, Tehran: Research Institute for Cultural and Social Studies. [Persian]
Beaney, M. (2003). Analysis, The Standard Encyclopedia of Philosophy, london:
Rutledge.
Csorba, Diana, (2014). Metaphor in Science Education. Implications for teacher education: The 6th International Conference Edu World 2014 “Education Facing Contemporary World Issues”, 7th - 9th November 2014
Fisher, R (2009), Teaching Thinking (translated by Dr. Mehremohammadi, M), Tehran: Samt. [Persian] Greene, Judith, 2005, Memory, Thinking and Language: Topics in Cognitive Psychology. ISBN o-416-33800-3(Print Edition)
Ghasemzadeh, H (1392), Metaphor and cognition, Tehran: Arjomand Publication. [Persian]
Hirst, P.H. & With, P. (1998). Philosophy of Education, Major Themes in the
Analitic Tradition, Problems of Educational Content & practices, Volume IV, London and New York: Routledge.
Hosseini, Afzal al-Sadat (2009), The nature of creativity and its cultivation practices, Mashhad: Behnashr. [Persian]
Hook, A. (2009). John Dewey. In s. Cuhn(Ed), Philosophy of education: The Essential Texts. New YorkY Routledge.
Jeffreys M. And hankook. T (1389), Guide to Thinking Skills (Translation of Talakhabi, M, Delshaghi, Y), Tehran: Jahad University Press. [Persian]
Hashemi, Z (1389) Conceptual metaphor theory from the perspective of Lakoff and Johnson. Journal of Adab Pajohi, No12, 119 - 140. [Persian]
Kharrazi, K, Telakhabi, M (2011), The Foundations of Cognitive Education, Tehran: Samt. [Persian]
Zaitlin Erving, M (2010), Critique of Nietzsche's Thoughts, (Translator: Ziyakarlam, F), Tehran: Hafez. [Persian]
Kövecses, Zoltan (2015), Where the metaphors come from? Knowledge of texture in metaphor, (translated: Mirzabeigi, J), Tehran: Agah publication. [Persian]
Kövecses, Zoltan (2006), Language, Mind, and Culture, Oxford University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2000). Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in Culture: Universality and Variation. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff. G, (2014), Mapping the Brain’s Metaphor Circutry: Metaphorical Thought in Everyday Life. UC Berkely Previously Published Works. Frontiers in Human Neurosience, 8. New York: Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, 1999, 624 pages
Lakoff, G & Mark J. (1980) Metaphors We Live by. Chicago University Press.
Lakoff, G & Mark J. (1980) Metaphors We Live by. (Translator: Aqa Ebrahimi, H), Tehran: Nashr Alam, [Persian]
Lakoff, G & Mark J. (1999), Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books.
Lakoff. George, (2014), Mapping The Brain’s Metaphor Circutry: Metaphorical Thought in Everyday Life. UC Berkely Previously Published Works. Frontiers in Human Neurosience, 8. New York: Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, 1999, 624 pages
Leary, D.E.(1990). Psyche’s Muse: The role of metaphor in the history of psychology. In D>E Leary(Ed), metaphors in the history of psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G & Mark J. (1999), Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. (Translator: Mirzabeighi, J), Tehran: Agah Publication. [Persian]
Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought (second edition) (pp. 202–251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. (2008a). The neural theory of metaphor. In R.W. Gibbs, Jr. (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought (pp. 17–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. (2008b). The Political Mind: Why you can’t understand 21st-century American politics with an 18th-century brain. New York: Viking.
Majdfar, M, Saliqedar, L, Aqazade, M, Aslani, I (1392), life skills: process skills; creative thinking and Critical thinking: Tehran: Merat. [Persian]
Mahboobi, T, Mostafaei, A (2009), Thought and Meta-Cognition, Isfahan: Porsesh Publishing. [Persian]
Miller, J., P. (1379), Curriculum Theories, (translation by Dr. Mehremohammadi, M), Tehran: Samt Publications. [Persian]
Mayer, R.E. (1983). Thinking, Problem Solving, Cognition. San Francisco: freeman.
Maxwell, Bruce. (2015), ‘Teacher as Professional’ as Metaphor: What it Highlights and What It Hides. Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 49, No. 1
Nilipour, R (1394), Cognitive Linguistics; the Second Cognitive Revolution in Linguistics, Tehran: Hermes Publications. [Persian]
Talhabi, M, Beheshti, R (2012), Thinking in the Education Process, Journal of Technology Roshd, (2)28 [Persian]
Talakhabi, M, Taqavi, F(2011), Application of Thinking Skills in Persian Language Education, Journal of Technology Roshd, (2)4 [Persian]
Rodgers, Shannon. (2015). Minding Our Metaphors in Education, ISSN: 0013-1857 (Print) 1469-5812 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rept20
Sadeghi Fassaei, S, Erfan Manesh, I (1394), Methodological Foundations of Documentary Research in Social Sciences, Strategic Culture Journal, No. 29 . [Persian]
Shahri, B (1390). Investigating the Relationship between Ideology and Metaphor with Critical Discourse Analysis Approach, Master's Degree thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. [Persian]
Solsu, Robert, l (1992), Cognitive Psychology (translation: Maher, F), Roshd Publishing. [Persian]