The Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation based on Computer Games on Executive Functions of Children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder

Authors
Parisa Oryadi
Habib Hadianfard
Nezamaddin Ghasemi
Abstract
Treatment of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder as the most common neurodevelopmental disorder has tended toward the use of computer-based technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on the executive functions of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. The study was a quasi-experimental with pretest posttest and 45 days follow up with control group. The statistical population consisted of all students with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in Shiraz elementary school in winter of 2019. 32 students were selected as available sample and replaced in experimental and control groups. The Tower of London test, the Stroop test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were used. The experimental group received cognitive rehabilitation based on computer games three times a week (15 minutes per game for a total of 30 minutes) and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software using repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANOVA). The results showed that computer-based rehabilitation had a significant effect on the executive functions of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (Sig <0.05). Experimental group showed improvement in cognitive function after intervention and planning, organization, inhibition and cognitive flexibility variables were observed after 45 days of intervention. Therefore, it can be said that cognitive rehabilitation is based on effective and sustained therapeutic computer games.




Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Cognitive Rehabilitation Based on Computer Games
Executive Functions
Aasena, I.E., Ogrima, G., Kropotovd, J., Brunner, J.F. (2018). Methylphenidate selectively modulates one sub-component of the no-go P3 in pediatric ADHD medication responders. Biological Psychology, 134, page 30-38.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of Mental disorders. Washington DC: Author.
Anderson, J., & Bolden, J. (2018). The role of executive functions in depression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology, University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects.
Antshel, K., Faraone, S., Maglione, K., Doyle, A., Fried, R., Seidman, L., & Biederman, J. (2010). Executive functioning in high-IQ adults with ADHD. Psychological Medicine, page 40(11).
Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2010). Impairment in occupational functioning and adult ADHD: The predictive utility of executive function (EF) ratings versus EF tests. Archivesof Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(3), page 157-173.
Brown, T.E., Reichel, P.C., & Quinlan, D.M. (2009). Executive function impairments in high IQ adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13(2).
Bull, R., Lee, K. (2014). Executive functioning and mathematics achievement. Child Development Perspectives, 8(1), 36-41.
Caitlin, E., Carey, P., Bogdan, R. (2018). Executive function and genomic risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: testing intermediate phenotypes in the context of polygenic risk. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Volume 57.
Cernich, A., Kurta, S., Mordecai, K., & Ryan, P. (2010). Cognitive rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 12, page 412-423.
De Rosnay, M., Harris, P.L. & Pons, F. (2008). Emotional understanding and developmental psychopathology in young children. Social cognition and developmentalpsychopathology. 2nd. England: Oxford University Press, page 343-85.
Elaklouk, A. Zin, N.M. & Shapii, A. (2015). Investigating therapists’ intention to use serious games for acquired brain injury cognitive rehabilitation, Software Technology and Management Research Centre (SOFTAM), Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM BANGI, Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of King Saud University –Computer and Information Sciences.
Gonzalez J, Guitierrez F & Cabrera M. (2007). Diseno de videojuegos colaborativos a la Educacion Especial, Universidad de Granada.
Lee, K., Bull, R., Ho, R.M. (2013). Developmental changes in executive functioning. Child Development, 84(6), page 1933-53.
Locozi, A. (2016). Effective factors in better performance in students with learning disability. Journal of learning, 23, page 45-53.
Luman, M., Tripp, G., & Scheres, A. (2010). Identifying the neurobiology of altered reinforcement sensitivity in ADHD: a review and research agenda. NeurosciBiobehav Rev, 34(5), page 744-754.
Martel, M., Nikolas, M., & Nigg, J.T. (2007). Executive function in adolescents with ADHD.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(11), page 1437-1444.
McGinnis, A. (2016). The Near and Far Transfer Effects of Multimedia Cognitive Training. Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School, May 2016.
Mrug, S., Molina, B. S., Hoza, B., Gerdes, A. C., Hinshaw, S. P.,Hechtman, L., & Arnold, L. E. (2012). Peer rejection and friendships in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: contributions to long-term outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, page 1013-1026
Sosic-Vasic, Z., Kroner, J., Schneider, S., Vasic, N., Spitzer, M., Streb, J. (2017). The association between parenting behavior and executive functioning in children and young adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 8,472.
Thapar, A., & Cooper, M. (2016). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet, 387, page 1240-1250
Torrente, J., Del Blanco, A., Moreno-Ger, P., Fernandez-Manjo n, B. (2012). Designing serious games for adult students with cognitive disabilities. Neural Inf. Process, page 603–610.
Yates, A.N. (2016). Mild tramatic brain injury rehabilitation: amodel for adhe ADHD treatment. Presented to the Faculty of the School of Health Professions The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas.
Zwick, U. & Paterson, M.S. (1993).The memory game, Theoretical Computer Science.
Cognitive Psychology
Volume 7, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19
Autumn 2019
Pages 121-130