مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش حافظه کاری هیجانی و آموزش حافظه کاری خنثی بر کارکردهای شناختی و علائم اضطراب امتحان دانشجویان

نویسندگان
دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان
چکیده
هدف پژوهش حاضر، مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش حافظه کاری هیجانی و آموزش حافظه کاری خنثی بر کارکردهای شناختی و علائم اضطراب امتحان دانشجویان بود. تعداد 60 دانشجو با اضطراب امتحان بالا با استفاده از پرسشنامه اضطراب امتحان اسپیلبرگر به عنوان نمونه پژوهش انتخاب شدند. آزمودنیها در سه گروه آموزش حافظه کاری هیجانی، آموزش حافظه کاری خنثی و گواه جای‌دهی شدند. آزمودنیهای گروه‌های آزمایش به مدت 15 جلسه 45 دقیقهای تحت آموزش حافظه کاری هیجانی و خنثی قرار گرفتند، درحالی که افراد گروه گواه، هیچ‌گونه مداخلهای دریافت نکردند . همه افراد قبل و پس از آموزش با استفاده از پرسشنامه اضطراب امتحان اسپیلبرگر، پاره تست فراخنای ارقام هوش وکسلر و آزمون عملکرد پیوسته مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. دادههای با استفاده از تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیری تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که آزمودنیهای گروه حافظه کاری هیجانی و حافظه کاری خنثی بهبود معناداری در علائم اضطراب، فراخنای ارقام مستقیم و معکوس، خطای حذف، خطای ارائه و زمان واکنش در مقایسه با گروه گواه داشتند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که آزمودنیهای گروه حافظه کاری هیجانی در مقایسه با گروه حافظه کاری خنثی، بهبود بالاتری در هیجان پذیری (مؤلفه هیجانی اضطراب امتحان) و خطای ارائه به دست آوردند. براساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر، استفاده از آموزش‌های کامپیوتری مبتنی بر حافظه کاری خصوصاً حافظه کاری هیجانی می‌تواند به عنوان یک مداخله مؤثر برای کاهش علائم اضطراب امتحان و بهبود حافظه کاری و توجه پایدار پیشنهاد شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training and Neutral Working Memory Training on Cognitive Functions and Students' Test Anxiety Symptoms

نویسندگان English

Zobair Samimi
Abolfazl Farid
Ramin Habibikaleybar
Javad Mesrabadi
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
چکیده English

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotional working memory training and neutral working memory training on improving cognitive functions and decreasing test anxiety symptoms in a group of university students. 60 students with high test anxiety were selected with Spielberger test anxiety inventory. Subjects were divided into three groups: emotional working memory training, neutral working memory training and control. Subjects in the experimental groups received 15 minutes of 45 sessions of emotional and neutral working memory training, while the control group received no intervention. All participants were assessed before and after training using Spielberger test anxiety inventory, Wechsler Digit Span Test, and continuous performance test. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-22. Result showed that the subjects in the emotional working memory and he neutral working memory group had a significant improvement in the symptoms of anxiety, direct and inverse Digit Span Test, omission error, commission error and reaction time compared to the control group. The results also showed that the subjects in the emotional working memory group had higher improvement in Emotionality (emotional component of test anxiety) and presentation error compared to the neutral working memory group. Based on the results of the present study, the use of working memory-based computer training, especially emotional working memory, can be suggested as an effective intervention to reduce test anxiety symptoms and improve working memory and sustained attention.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

test anxiety
working memory
sustained attention
emotional working memory training
Abolgasemi, A. (2011). Test Anxiety. Ardabil: NikAmooz. [Persian]
Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2012). Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 686-694.
Baddeley, A. (2010). Working Memory. Current Biology, 20(4), 136-141
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (2017). Working memory. In Exploring Working Memory (pp. 43-79). Routledge.
Beloe, P., & Derakshan, N. (2019). Adaptive working memory training can reduce anxiety and depression vulnerability in adolescents. Developmental science, e12831. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12831
Chapell, M. S., Blanding, Z. B., Silverstein, M. E., Takahashi, M., Newman, B., Gubi, A., & McCann, N. (2005). Test anxiety and academic performance in undergraduate and graduate students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 268-274.
Collins, A. G., Albrecht, M. A., Waltz, J. A., Gold, J. M., & Frank, M. J. (2017). Interactions among working memory, reinforcement learning, and effort in value-based choice: A new paradigm and selective deficits in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 82(6), 431-439.
Darabi, M., Aivazi, A. A., Gholami-Parizad, E., Ghazanfari, Z., & Imanzad, M. (2013). Test anxiety among Ilam UMS’students, 2012. Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, 23(82), 1-7. [Persian]
Du Toit, S. A., Kade, S. A., Danielson, C. T., Schweizer, S., Han, J., Torok, M., & Wong, Q. J. (2020). The effect of emotional working memory training on emotional and cognitive outcomes in individuals with elevated social anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 261, 76-83.
Engen, H. & Kanske, P. (2013). How working memory training improves emotion regulation: neural efficiency, effort, and transfer effects. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(30), 12152-12153
Goeleven, E., De Raedt, R., Leyman, L., & Verschuere, B. (2008). The Karolinska directed emotional faces: a validation study. Cognition and emotion, 22(6), 1094-1118.
Habibi, K. R., & Bahadori, K. J. (2016). The Role of Selective Attention, Test Anxiety and Cognitive Performance in Students' Working Memory. Neuropsychology, 2(6), 27-44. [Persian]
Hadwin, J. A., & Richards, H. J. (2016). Working memory training and CBT reduces anxiety symptoms and attentional biases to threat: A preliminary study. Frontiers in psychology, 7(47), 1-12.
Hart, H., Lim, L., Mehta, M. A., Chatzieffraimidou, A., Curtis, C., Xu, X., ... & Rubia, K. (2017). Reduced functional connectivity of fronto-parietal sustained attention networks in severe childhood abuse. PLoS one, 12(11), 1-17.
Heath, A. J. (2018). Emotional working memory training, work demands, stress and anxiety in cognitive performance and decision-making under uncertainty. Sweden: Linnaeus University.
Karami, M., Dehdashti, A., & Bahrami, M. (2018). Prevalence of Test Anxiety Among Public Health Students at Semnan University of Medical Sciences in 2017: A Short Report. Journal of Rafsanjan Medical Sciences, 17 (3), 275-282. [Persian]
Khalaila, R. (2015). The relationship between academic self-concept, intrinsic motivation, test anxiety, and academic achievement among nursing students: Mediating and moderating effects. Nurse Education Today, 35(3), 432-438.
Khodadadi, M., Mashhadi, A., & Amani, H. (2014). Continuous Performance software. Tehran: Sina Cognitive Research Institute. [Persian]
Kord, M., Mashhadi, A., Salehi Fadardi, J., & Hasani, J. (2016). Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Improving Cognitive Control in individuals with High Trait Anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), 30-40.‎ [Persian]
Korhonen, J., Nyroos, M., Jonsson, B., & Eklöf, H. (2018). Additive and multiplicative effects of working memory and test anxiety on mathematics performance in grade 3 students. Educational Psychology, 38(5), 572-595.
Krause-Utz, A., Elzinga, B. M., Oei, N. Y., Paret, C., Niedtfeld, I., Spinhoven, P., ... & Schmahl, C. (2014). Amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate connectivity during an emotional working memory task in borderline personality disorder patients with interpersonal trauma history. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8(848), 1-18.
Krause-Utz, A., Walther, J. C., Schweizer, S., Lis, S., Hampshire, A., Schmahl, C., & Bohus, M. (2019). Effectiveness of an Emotional Working Memory Training in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Proof-of-Principle Study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1-3. DOI: 10.1159/000504454
Leonard, H. C., Bernardi, M., Hill, E. L., & Henry, L. A. (2015). Executive functioning, motor difficulties, and developmental coordination disorder. Developmental neuropsychology, 40(4), 201-215.
Lowe, P. A. (2019). Expression and Level of Test Anxiety in a Sample of Elementary Students. Higher Education Studies, 12(3), 1-9.
Mattison, R. E, & Mayes, S. D. (2012). Relationships between learning Disability, executive function, and psychopathology in children With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorder, 16(2), 138-46.
Meltzer, L. (Ed.). (2018). Executive function in education: From theory to practice. Guilford Publications.
Moradi, A., Salimi, M., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2011). Memory performance of patients sufferingposttraumatic stress disorder resulting from the war. Journal of Behavior Sciences, 4(4), 269-276.
Mowbray, T. (2012). Working memory, test anxiety and effective interventions: A review. The Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 29(2), 141-156.
Nazari, M.A., Khayati, F., Poursharifi, H., Hakimi, A., Shojaee, Z. (2012). Providing basic norm emotional Persian. Psychological applied research, 4(4), 41-71. [Persian]
O’Donnell, P. S. (2017). Executive functioning profiles and test anxiety in college students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(5), 447-459.
Ramesh, R., Samimi, Z., & Mashhadi, A. (2018). The Improvement Cognitive Inhibition in Children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder in the Context of Emotional Working Memory Training. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6(1), 31-40. [Persian]
Samimi, Z., Hasani, J., & Moradi, A. (2016). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Affective Control Ability in Adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychology, 12(47), 320-307. [Persian]
Samimi, Z., Hasani, J., Kord Tamini, M., Parooi, M. (2016). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Execution Functions of Adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychology, 13(49), 95-111. [Persian]
Samimi, Z., Hassani, J. (2016). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training In Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies of Adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Clinical Psychology Studies, 6(23), 113-132. [Persian]
Samimi, Z., Ramesh, S., Afzoon, J., & Kazemi Rezaei, S. A. (2017). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on improvement memory of adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 5(1), 61-70. [Persian]
Sansgiry, S. S., & Sail, K. (2006). Effect of students' perceptions of course load on test anxiety. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 70(2), 26-33.
Schweizer, S., & Dalgleish, T. (2016). The impact of affective contexts on working memory capacity
in healthy populations and in individuals with PTSD. Emotion, 16(1), 16–23
Schweizer, S., Grahn, J., Hampshire, A., Mobbs, D., & Dalgleish, T. (2013). Training the emotional
brain: improving affective control through emotional working memory training. The Journal of
Neuroscience, 33(12), 5301-5311.
Schweizer, S., Samimi, Z., Hasani, J., Moradi, A., Mirdoraghi, F., & Khaleghi, M. (2017). Improving cognitive control in adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Behaviour research and therapy, 93, 88-94.
Shi, Z., Gao, X., & Zhou, R. (2014). Emotional working memory capacity in test anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 32, 178-183.
Speilberger, C. (1980). Test anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press, Inc.
Spielberger, C. D., Anton, W. D., & Bedell, J. (2015). The nature and treatment of test anxiety. Emotions and anxiety: New concepts, methods, and applications, 317-344.
Swanson, H. L., Kehler, P., & Jerman, O. (2010). Working memory, strategy Knowledge, and strategy instruction in children with reading disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43 (1), 24-47.
Tucha, L., Fuermaier, A. B., Koerts, J., Buggenthin, R., Aschenbrenner, S., Weisbrod, M., ... & Tucha, O. (2017). Sustained attention in adult ADHD: time-on-task effects of various measures of attention. Journal of neural transmission, 124(1), 39-53.
Von Der Embse, N., Barterian, J., & Segool, N. (2013). Test anxiety interventions for children and adolescents: A systematic review of treatment studies from 2000–2010. Psychology in the Schools, 50(1), 57-71.
Von der Embse, N., Jester, D., Roy, D., & Post, J. (2018). Test anxiety effects, predictors, and correlates: A 30-year meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 483-493.
Voogd, E. D., Wiers, R. W., Zwitser, R. J., & Salemink, E. (2016). Emotional working memory training as an online intervention for adolescent anxiety and depression: A randomized controlled trial. Australian Journal of Psychology, 68(3), 228-238.
Westerberg, H. (2004). Working memory: Development, disorders and training. Institution enförkvinnorsoch barns hälsa/Department of Women's and Children's Health. Stockholm: Karolinska University Press.
Zeidner, M. (2010). Test anxiety. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology, 1-3. doi: 10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0984