تداخل پیش‌گستر دیداری و کلامی در اختلال استرس پس از سانحه

نویسندگان
دانشگاه شیراز
چکیده
نقایص اجرایی حافظه فعال همچون تداخل پیشگستر نقش موثری را در حفظ علائم اختلال استرس پس از سانحه از جمله جهش به گذشته و تجریه مجدد دارد. بر این اساس، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تداخل پیش‌گستر دیداری و کلامی در افراد مواجه شده با آسیب با و بدون اختلال استرس پس از سانحه بود. روش کار: در این پژوهش علی- مقایسه‌ای، آزمودنی‌ها به شیوه نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. تعداد 30 نفر از افراد مواجه شده با سوانح جاده‌ای و تصادفات رانندگی بدون اختلال استرس پس از سانحه با 30 نفر از افراد مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه از نظر تداخل پیش‌گستر دیداری و کلامی مقایسه شدند. ابزارهای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات شامل مصاحبه ساختاریافته مقیاس علائم اختلال استرس پس از سانحه برایDSM-5 ، پرسشنامه افسردگی بک-2 و آزمایه پروب اخیر بودند. پس از اجرای پژوهش، داده‌ها با استفاده تحلیل واریانس مختلط با اندازه‌گیری مکرر مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که افراد مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه نقص بیشتری را در کنترل تداخل پیش‌گستر دیداری و کلامی نسبت به افراد مواجه شده با آسیب بدون این اختلال تجربه می‌کنند. به علاوه، افراد مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه نقص بیشتری را در حافظه فعال دیداری نسبت به حافظه فعال کلامی نشان دادند. نتیجه‌گیری: افراد مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه نقایصی را در کنترل تداخل پیش‌گستر نشان می­دهند که پیشنهاد می‌شود در درمان این افراد مورد توجه قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Verbal and Visual Proactive Interference in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

نویسندگان English

Somayeh Daneshvar
Mohammad Reza Taghavi
Shiraz University
چکیده English

Objective: Working memory executive deficits have a role in maintaining Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms including flashbacks and reexperiencing. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to compare the visual and verbal Proactive Interference in trauma-exposed individuals with and without PTSD.

Method: In this retrospective study, we recruited subjects through the purposive sampling method. We compared 30 survivors of road traffic accidents with PTSD with 30 trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD in terms of visual and verbal Proactive Interference. Measuring tools included the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder semi-structured Interview for DSM-V, the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Recent Probes Task. Data were analyzed using mixed repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS-21 software.

Results: Subjects of the PTSD group reported higher levels of visual and verbal Proactive Interference than the control group. Moreover, patients with PTSD indicated higher deficiencies in visual working memory than verbal working memory.

Conclusion: Patients with PTSD show deficiencies in controlling proactive interference that should be taken into consideration through their treatment procedure.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

working memory
PTSD
intrusion
proactive interference
Aase, D. M., Digangi, J. A., Babione, J. M., Schroth, C., Levy, D. M., Kennedy, A. E., Proescher, E., Greenstein, J. E., Passi, H., Langenecker, S. A.& Phan, K. L. (2017). PTSD symptoms are associated with visual retrieval performance in OEF/OIF/OND veterans. Psychiatry Research, 257, 156–162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.041
Aupperle, R L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., Paulus, M. P. (2012) Executive function and PTSD: Disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62: 686–694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008.
Aupperle, R. L., Allard, C. B., Grimes, E. M., Simmons, A. N., Flagan, T., Behrooznia, M., Cissell, S. H., Twamley, E. W., Thorp, S. R., Norman, S. B., Paulus, M. P., &Stein, M. B. (2012). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation during emotional anticipation and neuropsychological performance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 69(4), 360–71. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1539
Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences.4 (11), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), Recent advances in learning and motivation. 8, 47–90. New York: Academic Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1
Baddeley, A. D., &Andrade, J. (2000). Working memory and the vividness of imagery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.129, 126–145. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.129.1.126
Barch, D. M., Berman, M. G., Engle, R., Jones, J. H., Jonides, J., MacDonald, A., Nee, D. E., Redick, T. S., &Sponheim, S. R. (2009). CNTRICS final task selection: working memory. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 35, 136–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn153
Barlow, K., Grenyer, B., &Ilkiw-Lavalle, O. (2000). Prevalence and precipitants of aggression in psychiatric inpatient units. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 34(6), 967-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/000486700271
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Brown, G. K. (2000). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-2. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_441
Bomyea, J., Lang, A. J., Amir, N. (2012) The relationship between cognitive control and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 844–848. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.001.
Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., &Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review.103(4), 670-686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.103.4.670
Brewin, C. R., Kleiner, J. S., Vasterling, J. J., & Field, A. P. (2007). Memory for emotionally neutral information in posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 116(3), 448– 463. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.448.
Brewin, C. R., Kleiner, J. S., Vasterling, J. J., & Field, A. P. (2007). Memory for emotionally neutral information in posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 116(3), 448– 463. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.448.
Bryant, R. A. (2019). Post-traumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20656
Delavar, A. (2016). Research Method in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Virayesh Publication. [Persian]
Dobson, K. S., & Mohammad Khani, P. (2007). Psychometric properties of during partial recovery. Archives of Rehabilitation, 8(29), 80–86. [Persian]
Edwards, W. H. (2010). Motor Learning and Control: From Theory to Practice. Belmot, CA: Cengage Learning.
Engelhard, I.M., Van Uijen, S.L., &Van den Hout, M.A. (2010). The impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memories. European Journal of Psychotraumatology,1-8, 5623. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5623
Falconer, E. M., Felmingham, K. L., Allen, A., Clark, C. R., Mcfarlane, A. C., Williams, L. M., &Bryant, R. A. (2008). Developing an integrated brain, behavior and biological response profile in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Journal of Integrative Neuroscience.7, 439–456. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219635208001873
Fallah, S., Mihandoost, Z., Mami, S. (2020) The Causal Relationship between Active Memory, Anxiety, and Depression with the Mediation of Psychological Hardiness in People with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in the Earthquake in Sarapul Zahab. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research, 14(6), 62-69. DOI: 10.21859/ijnr-140608 [Persian]
Foa, E. B., McLean, C. P., Zang, Y.,Zhong, J., Rauch, S., Porter, K., Knowles, K., Powers, M. B., &Kauffman, B. Y. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale Interview for DSM-5 (PSSI-5). Psychological Assessment,28(10), 1159 -1165. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000259
Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., & Shah, D. (2009). Developing interpretation bias modification as a "cognitive vaccine" for depressed mood: imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 118(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012590
Isbell, E., Fukuda, K., Neville, H. J., & Vogel, E. K. (2015) Visual working memory continues to develop through adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00696
Jonides, J., & Nee, D. E. (2006). Brain mechanisms of proactive interference in working memory. Neuroscience, 139(1), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.042.
Khanna, M. M., Badura-Brack, A. S., McDermott, T. J., Embury, C.M.,Wiesman, A. I., Shepherd, A., Ryan, T. J., Heinrichs-Graham, E., & Wilson, T. W. (2017). Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder exhibit altered emotional processing and attentional control during an emotional Stroop task. Psychological Medicine, 47(11), 2017–2027. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0033291717000460
Kocak, E. E., & Kilic, C. (2017). Cognitive Dysfunctions in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 28(2), 124-131. doi: 10.5080/u18276
Kozaric'-Kovacic, D., Pavelic, K., Filipac, V., Cindric, M., Vucinic, S., &Kraljevic' Pavelic, S. (2010). Proteomics and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) // Coping with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Returning Troops: Wounds of War II. Wiederhold, Amsterdam: IOS Press, 57-61.
Lilley, S. A., Andrade, J., Turpin, G., Sabin-Farrell, R.,& Holmes, E. A. (2009). Visuospatial working memory interference with recollections of trauma. British Journal of Clinical Psychology.48, 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466508x398943
Lin, W., Gong, L., Xia, M., & Daim, W. (2018). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among road traffic accident survivors: A PRISMAcompliant meta-analysis. Medicine, 97(3), e9693. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MD.0000000000009693
Mirabolfathi, V., Moradi, A., & Bakhtiari, M. (2016). Emotional working memory in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 17(4), 33–44. http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-356-en.html
Mirabolfathi, V., Schweizer, S., Moradi, A., & Jobson, L. (2020). Affective WorkingMemory Capacity in Refugee Adolescents. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000552
Moradi, A. R., Abdi, A., Fathi-Ashtiani, A., Dalgleish, T.,&Jobson, L. (2012). Overgeneral autobiographical memory recollection in Iranian combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(6), 435–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.03.009
Moradi, A. R., Heydari, A. H., Abdollahi, M. H., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Dalgleish, T., & Jobson, L. (2015). Visual false memories in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(4), 905–917. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000109
Nee, D. E., Brown, J. W., Askren, M. K., Berman, M. G., Demiralp, E., &Krawitz, A. (2012). A Meta-analysis of Executive Components of Working Memory. Cerebral Cortex.23, 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs007
Neipert, L., Pastorek, N. J., Troyanskaya, M., Scheibel, R. S., Petersen, N. J., &Levin, H. S. (2014). Effect of clinical characteristics on cognitive performance in service members and veterans with histories of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury. 28, 1667–1674. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2014.947623
Neylan, T. C., Lenoci, M., Rothlind, J., Metzler, T. J., Schuff, N., Du, A. T., Franklin, K. W., Weiss, D. S., Weiner, M. W., &Marmar, C. R. (2004). Attention, learning, and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress.17, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jots.0000014675.75686.ee
Norris, F. H., & Perilla, J. L. (1996). The Revised Civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD: Reliability, Validity and Cross-Langueane Stability. Journal of Traumatic Stress.9(2), 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02110661
Ohman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483-522. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483
Olff, M., Polak, A. R., Witteveen, A. B., & Denys, D. (2014). Executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the influence of comorbid depression. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.112, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.003
Pham, A. V., & Hasson, R. M. (2014). Verbal and visuospatial working memory as predictors of children’s reading ability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(5), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acu024
Pitman, R. K., Rasmusson, A. M., Koenen, K. C., Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Gilbertson, M. W., Milad, M. R., & Liberson, I. (2012). Biological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(11), 769–787. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3339
Polak, A. R., Witteveen, A. B., Reitsma, J. B., & Olff, M. (2012). The role of executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review.Journal of Affective Disorders.141, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.001
Scheiner, D. L., Keilp, J., Mindt, M. R., Burke, A. K., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2014). Verbal learning deficits in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Journal of Traumatic Stress.27, 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21921
Schweizer, S., & Dalgleish, T. (2011). Emotional working memory capacity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(8). 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.007
Schweizer, S., & Dalgleish, T. (2016). The impact of affective contexts on working memory capacity in healthy populations and in individuals with PTSD. Emotion, 16(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000072
Schwering, S. C., & MacDonald, M. C. (2020) Verbal working memory as emergent from language comprehension and production. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14(68), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00068
Scott, J. C., Matt, G. E., Wrocklage, K. M., Crnich, C., Jordan, J., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., & Schweinsburg, B. C. (2015). A quantitative metaanalysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 105–140. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038039
Stricker, N. H., Keller, J. E., Castillo, D. T., & Haaland, K. Y. (2015). The neurocognitive performance of female veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress.28, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22000
Swick, D., Cayton, J., Ashley, V., & Turken, U. (2017). Dissociation Between Working Memory Performance and Proactive Interference Control in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Neuropsychologia. 96, 111-121. Doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia. 2017. 01.005
Tadmore, A., McNally, R. J., &Engelhard, I. M. (2016). Reducing the negative valence of stressful memories through emotionally valenced, modality-specific tasks. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry.53, 92-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.11.001
Tian, F., Yennu, A., Smith-Osborne, A., Gonzalez-Lima, F., North, C. S., &Liu, H. (2014). Prefrontal responses to digit span memory phases in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a functional near infrared spectroscopy study. NeuroImage: Clinical. 4, 808–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.005
Tsai, C., & McNally, R. J. (2014). Effects of emotionally valenced working memory taxation on negative memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,45, 15-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.07.004
Vahab Zade, E. (2008). The influence of human factors on the occurrence of road traffic accidents in Karaj-Qazvin highway in 2005 and the possible ways to control and reduce it. Traffic Management Studies, 3(8), 26–31. [Persian]
Van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Smeets, M. A. M., Hornsveld, H., Hoogeveen, E., & Hoogeveen, E. (2010). Counting during recall: taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology.24, 303-311. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/acp.1677
Vasterling, J. J., Brailey, K., Proctor, S. P., Kane, R., Heeren, T., &Franz, M. (2012). Neuropsychological outcomes of mild traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in Iraq-deployed US Army soldiers. The British Journal of Psychiatry.201(3), 186–192. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096461
Vereven, D., Gudanowski, D., & King, D. (1995). The Civilian Version of Mississippi PTSD Scale: A psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress,8, 91-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02105409
Verwoerd, J., Wessel, I., & de Jong, P. J. (2009). Individual differences in experiencing intrusive memories: The role of the ability to resist proactive interference. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry.40, 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.08.002
White, S. F., Costanzo, M. E., Blair, J. R., & Roy, M. J. (2015). PTSD symptom severity is associated with increased recruitment of top-down attentional control in a trauma-exposed sample. Neuroimage: Clinical, 7, 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2014.11.012
Wilde, N. J., Strauss, E., & Tulsky, D. S. (2004). Memory span on the Wechsler scales. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology.26, 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390490496605
Woodward, S. H., Kaloupek, D. G., Grande, L. J., Stegman, W. K., Kutter, C. J., Leskin, L., Prestel, R., Schaer, M., Reiss, A. L., &Eliez, S. (2009). Hippocampal volume and declarative memory function in combat-related PTSD. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 15, 830–839. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617709990476
Wrocklage, K. M., Schweinsburg, B. C., Krystal, J. H., Trejo, M., Roy, A., Weisser, V., Moore, T. M., Southwick, S. M., & Scott, J. C. (2016). Neuropsychological functioning in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Associations with performance validity, comorbidities, and functional outcomes. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 22(4), 399– 411. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617716000059