Application of cognitive tests of change detection and spatial marking in CogLab software to diagnose children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Authors
Saadi Ayazi 1
Sajjad Rezaei 1
Ashkan Naseh 1
Maryam Kousha 2
1 University of Guilan
2 Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders and efforts to improve its diagnostic methods continue. In this study, using CogLab software, a diagnostic model was developed and introduced to help psychologists as an auxiliary tool for diagnosing ADHD. In the context of a developmental and case-control project using targeted sampling in Rasht city, 93 children diagnosed with ADHD were selected by a pediatric psychiatry subspecialist. The parents of both groups (case and control) were also interviewed clinically and after completing the CSI-4 version of the Children's Disease Symptoms Questionnaire, their demographic information was collected. The control group consisted of 33 working students from Rasht schools without disorders were selected using the CSI-4 4th version of the Children's Disease Symptoms Questionnaire. Both groups responded to the change detection and spatial marking tests using the attention section of the CogLab software under the same conditions. Data were processed by SPSS-24. In the diagnosis analysis, the results showed that the ratio of the correct response to the detection of change in the so-so mode had the highest predictive power in the separation and differentiation of classes between the case and control groups, and the results of the diagnostic function in the cross-validation section were able to be found in both case and control groups. 80.6 percent of all people in the ADHD group (case) and also 72.7 percent of all people in the control group were correctly grouped; The change detection test and spatial marking in CogLab software platform can be used as an auxiliary tool in the service of psychologists to help the diagnosis process in children with ADHD.
Keywords
cognitive tests
Change Detection
spatial marking
CogLab
Attention Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
Baker, D. C., & Bufka, L. F. (2011). Preparing for the telehealth world: Navigating legal, regulatory, reimbursement, and ethical issues in an electronic age. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(6), 405.
Baron, I. S. (2008). Growth and development of pediatric neuropsychology. Textbook of clinical neuropsychology, 91-104
Bergey, M. R., & Filipe, A. M. (2018). ADHD in Global Context. Global perspectives on ADHD: Social dimensions of diagnosis and treatment in sixteen countries, 1.
Charach, A., Yeung, E., Climans, T., & Lillie, E. (2011). Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders: comparative meta-analyses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(1), 9-21.
Dhar, M., Been, P. H., Minderaa, R. B., & Althaus, M. (2008). Distinct information processing characteristics in dyslexia and ADHD during a covert orienting task: An event-related potential study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119(9), 2011-2025.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39(2), 175-191.
Francis, Greek. Nice, Ian and Van Horn, Daniel. R. (2014). Exams Cognitive psychology using CogLab software. Translation Shahrukh Makund Hosseini, Parviz Sabahi, Ali Gurbanzadeh and Parveen Rafii Nia second edition. Publications of Semnan University. [Persian]
Hassanzadeh, S., Amraei, K., & Samadzadeh, S. (2019). A meta-analysis of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder prevalence in Iran. Journal Of Exceptional Children Empowerment, 10(2), 165-177. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/262450/en [Persian]
Jangmo, A., Stålhandske, A., Chang, Z., Chen, Q., Almqvist, C., Feldman, I., ... & Larsson, H. (2019). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, school performance, and effect of medication. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(4), 423-432.
Karen Kostick, R. H. I. T., & CCS, C. (2017). ICD-10-CM Coding for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Klein, R. G., Mannuzza, S., Olazagasti, M. A. R., Roizen, E., Hutchison, J. A., Lashua, E. C., & Castellanos, F. X. (2012). Clinical and functional outcome of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 33 years later. Archives of general psychiatry, 69 (12), 1295-1303.
Levin, D. T., Momen, N., Drivdahl IV, S. B., & Simons, D. J. (2000). Change blindness blindness: The metacognitive error of overestimating change-detection ability. Visual cognition, 7 (1-3), 397-412.
Mohamadesmaiel E, Alipour A. (2002). A Preliminary Study on the Reliability, Validity and Cut Off Points of the Disorders of Children Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4). Journal of Exceptional Children, 2 (3): 239-254. URL: http://joec.ir/article-1-484-fa.html [Persian]
Molina, B. S., Howard, A. L., Swanson, J. M., Stehli, A., Mitchell, J. T., Kennedy, T. M., ... & Hoza, B. (2018). Substance use through adolescence into early adulthood after childhood‐diagnosed ADHD: Findings from the MTA longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(6), 692-702.
Nichols, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2004). A review of the validity of laboratory cognitive tasks used to assess symptoms of ADHD. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 34, 297-315.
Polanczyk, G. V., Willcutt, E. G., Salum, G. A., Kieling, C., & Rohde, L. A. (2014). ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. International journal of epidemiology, 43 (2), 434-442.
Pollack, I. (1972). Detection of changes in spatial position: III. Dot number or dot density? Perception & Psychophysics, 12 (6), 487-491.
Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 109. 160–174
Pratt, T. C., Cullen, F. T., Blevins, K. R., Daigle, L., & Unnever, J. D. (2002). The relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to crime and delinquency: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 4(4), 344-360.
Reed, S. K. (2012). Cognition: Theories and applications. CENGAGE learning.
Rensink, R. A. (2002). Change detection. Annual review of psychology, 53 (1), 245-277.
Safarzade, S., Sabahi, P., Mahmoody Khorandi, Z. (2015). The comparison of the attention function between heroin abusers and normal individuals. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences (RJMS), 22 (138), 88-98
URL: http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-4090-fa.html [Persian]
Sarver, D. E., Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., Raiker, J. S., & Friedman, L. M. (2015). Hyperactivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Impairing deficit or compensatory behavior?. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 43(7), 1219-1232.
Sprafkin, J. N., Gadow, K. D., & Grayson, P. (1984). Television and the emotionally disturbed, learning disabled, and mentally retarded child: A review. Advances in Learning & Behavioral Disabilities.
Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou.G P. (2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135 (4), e994-e1001.
Türkan, B. N., Amado, S., Ercan, E. S., & Perçinel, I. (2016). Comparison of change detection performance and visual search patterns among children with/without ADHD: Evidence from eye movements. Research in developmental disabilities, 49, 205-215.
Young, Z., Craven, M. P., Groom, M., & Crowe, J. (2014, June). Snappy App: a mobile continuous performance test with physical activity measurement for assessing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 363-373). Springer, Cham.